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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
for the Fifth Circuit
_____________________________________
No. 91-1434
____________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS
ROY LEE LEED,
Defendant-Appellant.
______________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
______________________________________________________
(January 4, 1993)
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, GARWOOD and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
DAVIS, Circuit Judge.
Roy Lee Leed (Leed) appeals his conviction and sentence on
charges of possession of a listed chemical with intent to
manufacture a controlled substance and conspiracy to commit the
same offense. Leed argues primarily that the government produced
insufficient evidence to support his conviction. He also argues
that the district court erred when it used U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 in
calculating the appropriate sentencing guideline range. We find
sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict and find that the
district court correctly applied the sentencing guidelines. We
therefore affirm Leed's conviction and sentence.

I.
In August 1990, a confidential informant, Jerry Pierce
(Pierce), informed the DEA that John Watkins (Watkins) wished to
purchase a 110-pound keg of phenylacetic acid, a federally
regulated chemical used in the manufacture of amphetamine and
methamphetamine. Pierce then worked under DEA supervision in
attempting to negotiate a sale of the chemical to Watkins. Pierce
permitted DEA agents to record telephone negotiations he had with
Watkins for this purpose. Agents identified John Watkins as the
subscriber of the telephone number Pierce called.
On August 17, DEA agents recorded several conversations that
failed to produce a definitive agreement. In the first telephone
call, Watkins stated that he was interested in making a deal, but
that he needed an hour to obtain assistance. During this
conversation, Watkins agreed to provide an "eight ball" or a
"quarter" of "powder" as a portion of the purchase price. When
Pierce telephoned Watkins about one hour later, Watkins stated that
he would be ready to make a deal as soon as he heard from "her."
Two hours later, Watkins still had been unable to reach his
contact. In a later conversation that day, Watkins arranged to go
forward with the purchase on Monday, August 20, 1990.
During a conversation on August 20, Watkins expressed relief
when Pierce stated that he could deliver a 110-pound keg of the
chemical rather than a 55-gallon barrel. During a subsequent
conversation in which Pierce and Watkins discussed a meeting place,
Watkins stated his concern about some unusual police activity in a
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parking lot near his house. After Watkins tested his telephone
lines and was satisfied that he was not under surveillance, he
agreed to proceed with the deal. In an unrecorded telephone call,
Watkins and Pierce agreed that the transaction would take place in
the parking lot of a boot store. Watkins agreed to pay $5,500 and
to provide "powder" in exchange for the 110-pound keg. Watkins
told Pierce to expect an individual in a white-over-gold Cadillac
and to wait for the individual to give the signal by wiping his
brow. Pierce expected that Watkins would drive the Cadillac.
Later, on August 20, Pierce and DEA agent William Bryant
(Bryant) drove to the meeting place in a white cargo van containing
the unmarked keg of phenylacetic acid. The phenylacetic acid had
a strong, distinctive odor, so strong that it could be smelled
outside of the cargo van. The driver of the white-over-gold
Cadillac, later identified as Leed, then drove near the cargo van,
looked around the parking lot, and wiped his brow with his hand.
Pierce and Bryant wiped their brows in reply. Leed exited the
Cadillac, approached the cargo van, and handed a plastic grocery
bag to Bryant. Leed stated that the bag contained $5,500 and asked
Bryant if he wanted to load the phenylacetic acid into the
Cadillac. Bryant asked Leed to get inside of the van while he
counted the money.
Inside the grocery bag, Bryant found a number of cracker
packages and a package wrapped in white freezer paper. Leed stated
that he had wrapped the money in the freezer paper to make the
package look like a sandwich. Bryant asked Leed if he had brought
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any powder with him, but Leed stated that they didn't have any
powder "at that time." Also, when Bryant asked Leed if his people
would be interested in making future purchases, Leed replied that
"I was just sent here to pick up the package, but I'm sure my
people would want to buy all they could get their hands on." Leed
provided Bryant with a knife to cut the package open, and Bryant
counted the money. After Bryant, Pierce, and Leed loaded the
phenylacetic acid into the trunk of the Cadillac, Leed was
arrested.
DEA agents searched the Cadillac and found a notebook in a
briefcase. The notebook contained the name John and the same phone
number that Pierce had used to make telephone calls to John
Watkins. The agents also found a spiral notebook in the briefcase
containing a list of things to do, one of which was to call "Pappy"
at Watkins' telephone number.
In an attempt to also arrest Watkins, Pierce telephoned
Watkins and informed him that no one had come to pick up the
phenylacetic acid. Watkins told Pierce that he would come himself.
When Watkins arrived, he drove alongside the cargo van and stated
that he was hunting for a lost sheep. Bryant stated that he was
tired of sitting on the "drum." Watkins complained that police
were all over his neighborhood and suggested that they relocate to
a nearby K-Mart store. Bryant insisted that they complete the
transaction in the parking lot. Bryant asked Watkins if he had any
powder, but Watkins said no. Watkins was then arrested.
4

At the time of his arrest, Watkins possessed a slip of paper
reading "73 cad. four door gold-over white" on one side and "Jerry
Pierce, white van, BLM30" on the other side. Agents also found a
packet containing 1.72 grams of amphetamine with a potency of 93
percent. A strength of 93 percent indicates that the amphetamine
came directly from a laboratory.
A grand jury indicted Leed on one count of possession of
phenylacetic acid, a listed chemical, with intent to manufacture
amphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(d)(1), and on one
count of conspiring to commit the same offense, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 846. Following trial, the jury found Leed guilty on both
counts. Watkins was charged solely with conspiracy, and in a joint
trial with Leed, he was found guilty. Leed's motion for judgment
of acquittal was denied.
The district court sentenced Leed under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 to
imprisonment for consecutive terms of 120 months on the conspiracy
count and 60 months on the substantive count, three years
supervised release, and $100 in special assessments. Leed timely
appealed.
II.
A.
Leed contends first that the district court erred in denying
his motion for judgment of acquittal, and argues that the evidence
is insufficient to support his conviction on either the conspiracy
or the substantive offense. To establish a conspiracy under 21
U.S.C. § 846, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt
5

(1) an agreement between two or more persons to violate the
narcotics laws, (2) that each alleged conspirator knew of the
conspiracy and intended to join it, and (3) that each alleged
conspirator did participate in the conspiracy. United States v.
Carter, 953 F.2d 1449, 1454 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 112 S.
Ct. 2980 (1992). Although presence at the scene and close
association with those involved in a conspiracy are insufficient
factors alone, they are nevertheless relevant factors for the jury.
United States v. Simmons, 918 F.2d 476, 484 (5th Cir. 1990). To
establish a violation of § 841(d)(1), the government was required
to prove that Leed knowingly possessed the listed chemical with the
intent to manufacture amphetamine.
Leed contends first that the government produced insufficient
evidence that he had an agreement with Watkins or others to violate
the narcotics laws. He argues that the government's failure to
produce this evidence is fatal to his conviction on the conspiracy
count.
Leed also contends that the record evidence is insufficient to
support either a finding that he knowingly possessed phenylacetic
acid or a finding that he had any intent to manufacture
amphetamine. We agree with Leed that his conviction cannot stand
on either count unless the government's proof is sufficient to
support both of these implicit findings.
We review the district court's denial of a motion for
judgment of acquittal de novo. United States v. Sanchez, 961 F.2d
1169 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 330 (1992). In
6

deciding whether the evidence is sufficient to support Leed's
convictions,
it is not necessary that the evidence exclude every
reasonable hypothesis of innocence; we review the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government,
drawing all reasonable inferences in support of the
verdict, and will affirm the conviction if a rational
trier of fact could have found that the evidence
established each essential element of the offense beyond
a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Stone, 960 F.2d 426, 430-31 (5th Cir. 1992).
B.
We first turn to Leed's argument that the government failed to
produce sufficient evidence that he had an agreement with Watkins
to violate the narcotics laws. We find no merit to this argument.
Ample evidence demonstrates an agreement between Leed and Watkins
to procure the phenylacetic acid. First, Leed obviously obtained
all the details of the transaction from Watkins. Leed knew the
location of the proposed exchange; he knew which vehicle to look
for; he knew the signal; and he knew the purchase price.
Second, agents found evidence in the Cadillac that
affirmatively linked Leed to Watkins. This included a notebook in
a briefcase containing the name "John" and Watkins' phone number.
The agents also found a spiral notebook in the briefcase. One of
the things to do listed in the notebook was to call "Pappy" at
Watkins' phone number.
Finally, Leed also knew that the transaction was a covert
operation. He looked around the parking lot before identifying
himself with the pre-arranged signal. He also wrapped the $5,500
cash in freezer paper to disguise its appearance.
7

The evidence strongly supports the jury's implicit finding
that Leed agreed to assist Watkins in purchasing a listed chemical
for an illicit purpose.
C.
After a careful review of the record, we also conclude that
the record evidence supports the jury's implicit finding beyond a
reasonable doubt that Leed knowingly possessed the phenylacetic
acid with the intent to manufacture amphetamine.
Leed asserts first that during his meeting with Bryant and
Pierce in the parking lot, no one mentioned anything about the
contents of the keg. He argues that the keg was not labeled and
that it resembled a barrel containing pool chemicals. Leed points
also to the lack of evidence that he had any training which would
have enabled him to recognize the pungent odor of phenylacetic
acid.
Ample evidence supports the finding that Leed knew the
contents of the keg. As indicated above, Leed knew that this was
a covert operation. When he arrived in the parking lot to pick up
the chemical, Leed carefully looked around and signalled his
identity by wiping his brow. He personally wrapped the $5,500
purchase price in freezer paper so that it would look like a
sandwich. Leed's secret signals and his delivery of cash disguised
as a sandwich in a lunch bag belie any intent by him to purchase
pool chemicals. Also, Leed made no remark about the overpowering
odor of the phenylacetic acid when he entered the van with Bryant
and Pierce. Then, when asked about "powder," Leed responded that
8

they had none at that time. Leed's behavior in the parking lot,
his delivery of $5,500 cash to Pierre and the agents, and his
response to questions about "powder," support an inference that he
knew that the keg contained phenylacetic acid.
Leed's final sufficiency argument is his strongest. He
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding
that he had any intent to manufacture amphetamine. Leed argues
that this Court has required some evidence of a laboratory or
specific statements by the defendant to show intent to manufacture
amphetamine. See, e.g., United States v. Stone, 960 F.2d 426 (5th
Cir. 1992). Citing United States v. Berkery, 919 F.2d 817, 821
(2nd Cir. 1990), he argues that one instance of possession of
phenylacetic acid is insufficient to support an inference that he
specifically intended to manufacture amphetamine. He reads the
Second Circuit's opinion in Berkery as holding that possession of
a large quantity of phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) leads just as
naturally to the conclusion that the defendants intended to
distribute that chemical, rather than use it in a manufacturing
scheme. See id.
Our analysis of this record leads us to conclude that
sufficient evidence exists to support an inference that Leed knew
of and intended to further the goals of a manufacturing operation.
As we discussed above, Leed's conduct demonstrates his knowledge
that the keg of phenylacetic acid was destined for some illegal
use. The covert nature of the meeting to exchange the purchase
price for the chemicals and the amount of the purchase price
9

adequately demonstrate Leed's knowledge of the illegality of the
transaction.
As to the purpose of the transaction, Leed's co-conspirator,
Watkins, led Pierce to believe that he was planning to use the acid
to manufacture amphetamine; Watkins originally agreed to exchange
"powder" in addition to cash for the phenylacetic acid. Indeed,
Leed himself implied that their inability to produce "powder" in
exchange for the phenylacetic acid was temporary; he told Pierce
and agent Bryant that they had no powder "at that time." Also when
Bryant asked him whether his people would be interested in making
future purchases, Leed replied that "I was just sent here to pick
up the package, but I'm sure my people would want to buy all they
could get their hands on." His certainty about his accomplices'
plans supports a jury inference that he knew the details of the
operation and that he was more than an errand boy. His statements
also support an inference that he and his accomplices were involved
in a pattern of purchasing activity, and that the purpose in
purchasing the chemical was to manufacture amphetamine.
Also, when Leed's co-conspirator Watkins was arrested, he
possessed a small quantity of almost pure amphetamine. The jury
was entitled to conclude that Watkins obtained such uncut
amphetamine directly from a laboratory.
Despite this affirmative evidence indicating that Leed knew
the acid was to be used to manufacture amphetamine, Leed presented
no contradictory evidence that he and Watson intended to use the
acid for any other purpose. Leed did not produce evidence that he
10

and Watson acted as brokers of phenylacetic acid or that such a
brokerage business is one that rational individuals consider
profitable enough to offset the obvious risks. To obtain a
conviction, the government need not exclude every hypothesis of
innocence to withstand an attack on sufficiency grounds. The jury
was entitled to conclude that the most likely use Leed and Watkins
planned for this chemical was to manufacture amphetamine. "What a
jury is permitted to infer from the evidence in a particular case
is governed by a rule of reason, and juries may properly use their
common sense in evaluating that evidence." United States v.
Villasenor, 894 F.2d 1422, 1425 (5th Cir. 1990) (quoting United
States v. Henry, 849 F.2d 1534, 1536 (5th Cir. 1988). We find that
the evidence supports an inference that Leed intended to possess
the phenylacetic acid to further the manufacture of amphetamine.
For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the evidence is
sufficient to support Leed's conviction.
III.
Leed argues next that the district court incorrectly applied
the Sentencing Guidelines.1 We review challenges to the district
court's application of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United
States v. Shell, 972 F.2d 548 (5th Cir. 1992).
Leed argues that the district court erred when it applied
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 in calculating his guideline range and determining
his sentence. We disagree. Section 2D1.1 has the following
1 All citations to the Guidelines are to the 1990 Guidelines
Manual, in effect when Leed was sentenced in April 1991.
11

heading: "Unlawful Manufacturing, Importing, Exporting, or
Trafficking (Including Possession with Intent to Commit These
Offenses)." We agree with the Ninth Circuit in United States v.
Cook, 938 F.2d 149, 152 (9th Cir. 1991) that this guideline
specifically applies to the offenses for which Leed was convicted.
In other words, the parenthetical in the heading modifies all of
the activities that precede it, including manufacturing. See
United States v. Voss, 956 F.2d 1007, 1014 (10th Cir. 1992) (Abel,
J., dissenting). As Judge Abel observed in his Voss dissent,
"'[p]ossession with [i]ntent' must also refer to possession of
chemicals with intent to manufacture." Id. Any doubt about the
application of § 2D1.1 to Mr. Leed's § 84l(d)(1) conviction is
dispelled by the statutory index to the Guidelines. That index
matches a conviction for § 841(d) with § 2D1.1. See also United
States v. Kingston, 922 F.2d 1234, 1238 (6th Cir. 1990), cert.
denied, 111 S. Ct. 2054 (1991) (applying § 2D1.1 to § 841(d)
offenses in light of federal effort to block drug distribution
efforts at the earliest possible moment).
Relying on the panel majority in United States v. Voss, 956
F.2d at 1009-13, Leed makes two arguments in an attempt to avoid
the application of U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1. We are unconvinced. Leed
argues first that § 2D1.1 does not apply because the statutory
index cross-referencing § 841(d) to § 2D1.1 was written before the
current version of § 841(d) was enacted. But when the current
version of § 841(d) was enacted, the cross-reference to § 2D1.1 in
the statutory index remained in place. The Sentencing Commission
12

certainly knew how to change the statutory index if it wished to do
so.
Leed also points out that recent amendments to the Guidelines,
effective November 1991, have added § 2D1.11 to expressly address
possession of listed chemicals. He argues that this amendment
demonstrates that the Commission never intended § 2D1.1 to apply to
violations of § 841(d). As we explain above, we are persuaded that
§ 2D1.1 directly applies to § 841(d)'s prohibited conduct--
possession of a listed chemical with intent to manufacture
amphetamine. But, even if it does not, it was certainly the most
analogous guideline when Leed was sentenced. As the majority in
United States v. Voss acknowledges, § 2D1.11 is a substantive,
rather than a clarifying, amendment and does not apply to conduct
committed before its adoption. Voss, 956 F.2d at 1011.
The district court did not err in applying § 2D1.1 to Leed's
offenses.
AFFIRMED.
13