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United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 912882.
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, PlaintiffAppellant,
v.
BOEING SERVICES INTERNATIONAL, a/k/a Boeing Aerospace Operations, Inc.,
DefendantAppellee.
Aug. 19, 1992.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
Before GOLDBERG, DUHЩ, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.
GOLDBERG, Circuit Judge:
The psalmist wrote: "Cast me not off in the time of old age." Psalms 71:9. Congress
seemingly acknowledged this ancient supplication in 1967 when it enacted the Age Discrimination
in Employment Act. 29 U.S.C. ЇЇ 621634. Congress intended the Act to eradicate arbitrary age
discrimination in employment, 29 U.S.C. Ї 621(b), and thus prohibited discrimination against persons
forty years of age and older in the workplace based on their age. 29 U.S.C. ЇЇ 623(a), 631(a); see
Thornbrough v. Columbus and Greenville R.R. Co., 760 F.2d 633, 637 (5th Cir.1985).
On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court entered judgment against the
appellant, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, who asserted, on behalf of retired
employees of The Boeing Company, that Boeing Services International discriminated against them
in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. The court confronted a legal question of
dispositive importance: Whether "equivalent pay," which compensated employees laid off from The
Boeing Company and hired by Boeing Services International for lost matching contributions to a
retirement plan and lost paid holidays, constituted a "bona fide employee benefit plan" under the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. Ї 623(f)(2). We agree with the district court that the
equivalent pay program indeed constituted a "bona fide employee benefit plan" and thus affirm the
entry of summary judgment.

I.
The Boeing Company contracted with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
("NASA") to provide engineering support services to the space shuttle program. An operating
division of The Boeing Company located in Houston ("BoeingHouston" or "BH") performed the
contract work for NASA. To increase its competitiveness when NASA rebid this particular contract,
The Boeing Company reorganized its Houston operating division, BoeingHouston, into a
wholly-owned subsidiary of Boeing, Boeing Services International ("BSI"). BH ceased to exist after
September 30, 1983. As planned, Boeing bid through BSI.
BSI was able to bid more competitively than BH for several reasons. First, under the BH
voluntary investment retirement plan employees contributed a percentage of their salary to the plan
and received a matching contribution up to four percent of their base pay from BH. BSI did not
offer a voluntary investment retirement plan, choosing to replace it with a deferred compensation plan
that included no employer matching contributions. Second, BH employees received twelve paid
holidays, while BSI employees received nine paid holidays. NASA awarded the contract to BSI, a
company unencumbered by the financial obligations of matching contributions to a voluntary
investment retirement plan or paying for holidays in addition to those on the federal government
holiday calendar.
Effective September 30, 1983, all BH employees were laid off from The Boeing Company.
BSI offered the laid-off BH employees positions as new employees of BSI beginning October 1,
1983, with the same positions, assignments and salaries the employees enjoyed at BH. For these
"incumbents," those "employees placed on layoff from The Boeing Company and accepting offers of
employment with BSI," BSI also offered something called "equivalent pay." This dispute has
developed out of the equivalent pay program. As BSI explained in a brochure distributed to potential
incumbents in "orientation briefings" during July and August of 1983, the incumbents would receive
equivalent pay "to provide for the loss of three paid holidays and The Boeing Company contribution

to participants in the Voluntary Investment Plan." The formula calculated equivalent pay as a percent
of the employee's base salary, but the equivalent pay did not comprise "a part of the base salary."1
BSI established a new retirement plan and, as explained above, a deferred compensation plan for all
of its employees.
In a letter dated August 10, 1983, BH employees were informed that "[t]hose employees
[accepting lateral offers of employment from BSI] who choose to retire from The Boeing Company
and who continue employment with BSI Houston will not receive equivalent pay...." At least
twenty-eight of the persons laid off from BoeingHouston on September 30 were at least 55 years
of age and had a minimum of ten years service with The Boeing Company, which entitled them to
retire and draw a pension from Boeing. After accepting employment with BSI on October 1, 1983,
working for BSI during the fall of 1983 and receiving equivalent pay from BSI, these incumbents
elected to retire from The Boeing Company. These individuals continued working for BSI, yet they
did not receive equivalent pay from BSI after their retirement from The Boeing Company. The
twenty-eight retired incumbents did receive both wages from BSI and retirement benefits under The
Boeing Company retirement plan.2
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission brought suit against BSI on behalf of these
twenty-eight individuals, claiming that BSI violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act by
denying these persons equivalent pay after they retired from The Boeing Company. Both parties
1The formula for calculating equivalent pay detailed in the brochure operated as follows. An
employee would divide her net equivalent pay (the sum of annualized holiday equivalent pay and
voluntary investment plan equivalent pay) by her base annual salary to arrive at a net equivalent
pay percentage. "[T]o offset some of the tax consequences," the employee would increase the net
equivalent pay percentage by 20% to compute the total equivalent pay percentage. The employee
would multiply the total equivalent pay percentage by her hourly base rate to produce an
equivalent pay hourly rate. BSI included this equivalent pay hourly rate as a "special allowance in
each paycheck."
2The twenty-eight individuals retired before February of 1984, when Boeing amended its
retirement plan to suspend the retirement benefits of an employee retired from Boeing who
worked for and received wages from The Boeing Company or one of its wholly-owned
subsidiaries.

moved for summary judgment. The EEOC claimed that BSI discriminated on the basis of age in the
compensation, terms, conditions or privileges of employment by denying equivalent pay,
characterized by the EEOC as a wage or salary, to retired incumbents in violation of section (4)(a)
of the ADEA. Under section 4(f)(2) of the ADEA, however, an employer that observes the terms
of a bona fide employee benefit plan does not violate the Act--unless the plan is a subterfuge to
evade the purposes of the ADEA. BSI argued that the denial of equivalent pay was age-neutral
because the receipt of the equivalent pay depended on continuity of employment, not age. Moreover,
BSI asserted that the equivalent pay program qualified for the section 4(f)(2) exemption because the
equivalent pay program represented a "bona fide employee benefit plan" that was not a scheme to
evade the purposes of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. The district court granted BSI's
motion for summary judgment and denied the EEOC's motion for summary judgment. The court held
that the equivalent pay program constituted a "bona fide employee benefit plan," not wages or
salaries. According to the district court, section 4(f)(2) of the ADEA sheltered the equivalent pay
program because no evidence showed that the equivalent pay program was a subterfuge to evade the
purposes of the ADEA. The EEOC appeals from that judgment.
II.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure set the standard for a district court deciding a motion
for summary judgment. Summary judgment is appropriate only if no genuine issue exists over any
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a).
In reviewing a summary judgment decision, the court of appeals employs this same standard used by
the district court. South Cent. Bell Tel. Co. v. Canal Place Ltd. Partnership, 927 F.2d 867, 868 (5th
Cir.1991) (citation omitted). Our function in reviewing the district court's decision is thus two-fold.
First, we must decide whether the district court "overlooked or impermissibly resolved any disputed
material facts." Abourezk v. New York Airlines, Inc., 895 F.2d 1456, 1458 (D.C.Cir.1990); see
Richardson v. Pennzoil Producing Co., 896 F.2d 919, 921 (5th Cir.1990). Our second job on appeal
involves deciding whether the district court correctly applied the relevant law to the undisputed facts.

Abourezk, 895 F.2d at 1458. In the cross-motions for summary judgment, the parties agreed that no
facts were in dispute. Our overriding task in this appeal, then, focuses on whether these undisputed
facts truly entitle BSI to judgment as a matter of law.
III.
Congress enacted the Age Discrimination in Employment Act to accomplish three plainly
stated goals: 1) to promote the employment of older persons based on their ability rather than their
age; 2) to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; and, 3) to provide help to employers
and workers in finding ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment. 29
U.S.C. Ї 621(b); see Jensen v. Gulf Oil Refining and Mktg. Co., 623 F.2d 406, 408 (5th Cir.1980).
Accordingly, section 4(a)(1) of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act makes it illegal "for an
employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any
individual with respect to [the individual's] compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment, because of such individual's age." 29 U.S.C. Ї 623(a)(1). In section 4(f)(2) of the Act,
however, Congress expressly permitted employers to discriminate based on age in "observ[ing] the
terms of ... any bona fide employee benefit plan such as a retirement, pension, or insurance plan
"--so long as the employer's compliance with the plan did not represent "a subterfuge to evade the
purposes" of the Act. Id. at Ї 623(f)(2).3 Section 4(f)(2) of the Act thus exempts certain "age-based
3In full, section 623(f)(2) provides that
[i]t shall not be unlawful for an employer, employment agency, or labor
organization to observe the terms of a bona fide seniority system or any bona fide
employee benefit plan such as a retirement, pension, or insurance plan, which is not
a subterfuge to evade the purposes of this chapter, except that no such employee
benefit plan shall excuse the failure to hire any individual, and no such seniority
system or employee benefit plan shall require or permit the involuntary retirement
of any individual specified by section 631(a) of this title because of the age of such
individual.
29 U.S.C. Ї 623(f)(2) (1985).
Congress enacted the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act in 1990, which
amended, inter alia, section 623(f)(2). Pub.L. No. 101433, Ї 103(1), 104 Stat. 978, 979
(Oct. 16, 1990) (codified at 29 U.S.C. Ї 623(f)(2) (Supp.1992)). Congress gave only
prospective effect to the legislation. Pub.L. No. 101433, Ї 105(a), 104 Stat. at 981.

employment decisions ... from the prohibitions of the ADEA." Public Employees Retirement System
of Ohio v. Betts, 492 U.S. 158, 161, 109 S.Ct. 2854, 2858, 106 L.Ed.2d 134 (1989).
In Betts the Supreme Court clarified the meaning and defined the scope of the section 4(f)(2)
exemption. Section 4(f)(2) simply describes "the type of employer conduct that is prohibited in the
employee benefit plan context." Id. 492 U.S. at 181, 109 S.Ct. at 2868. When deciding whether a
plan or program merits the sanctuary of section 4(f)(2) under Betts, a court must engage in a two-fold
analysis.
First, is the plan or program of the type subject to the section 4(f)(2) exemption? The
presence of "any bona fide employee benefit plan such as a retirement, pension, or insurance plan"
forms the initial prerequisite for application of section 4(f)(2). The Act fails to define the phrase. The
Betts Court faced a lo wer court holding that limited the section 4(f)(2) exemption to plans that
justified age-based reductions in benefits by age-related cost considerations. Unlike the Sixth Circuit
below, the Supreme Court read the expression quite broadly. "The statute's use of the phrase "any
employee benefit plan' seem[ed] to imply a broad scope for the statutory exemption, and the "such
as' clause suggests enumeration by way of example, not an exclusive listing." Betts, 492 U.S. at 173,
109 S.Ct. at 2864 (emphasis in original). This court has similarly interpreted the "key" phrase,
"employee benefit plan." Fifteen years before Betts, we held that "the words retirement, pension or
insurance are added in a clearly descriptive sense, not excluding other kinds of employee benefit
plans...." Brennan v. Taft Broadcasting Co., 500 F.2d 212, 215 (5th Cir.1974). The Betts Court,
however, expressed "no opinion ... on the precise meaning of the phrase," holding "only that it d[id]
not support the cost-justification requirement."4 Id. 492 U.S. at 174 n. 6, 109 S.Ct. at 2865 n. 6; see
Since the EEOC filed their complaint in 1989, the amendment does not affect this appeal
and does not control our analysis. See Equal Employment Opportunity Comm'n v.
Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 925 F.2d 619, 622 n. 2 (3rd Cir.1991).
4We note that, through the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act, "Congress has since
declared a contrary rule for the future." American Ass'n of Retired Persons v. Farmers Group,
Inc., 943 F.2d 996, 1001 n. 8 (9th Cir.1991), cert. denied, U.S. , 112 S.Ct. 937, 117

id. 492 U.S. at 166, 109 S.Ct. at 2860 ("whatever the precise meaning of the phrase ... it is apparent
that a disability retirement plan falls squarely within that category"); see Equal Employment
Opportunity Comm'n v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 925 F.2d 619, 623 (3rd Cir.1991) (the Court
"declined to decide the precise meaning of the phrase ... found in Ї 4(f)(2)").
Two interrelated questions complete the first segment of the two-part section 4(f)(2) inquiry.
Is the plan a "bona fide" plan, that is, does the plan " "exist[ ] and pay[ ] benefits' "? Betts, 492 U.S.
at 165, 109 S.Ct. at 2860 (quoting United Air Lines, Inc. v. McMann, 434 U.S. 192, 194, 98 S.Ct.
444, 446, 54 L.Ed.2d 402 (1977)); see Alford v. City of Lubbock, 664 F.2d 1263, 1269 (5th Cir.)
(citing Jensen, 623 F.2d at 413, for the proposition that " "[a] retirement plan is bona fide if it is
genuine and pays substantial benefits.' "), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 975, 102 S.Ct. 2239, 72 L.Ed.2d 848
(1982); Brennan, 500 F.2d at 217 ("given its ordinary and commonly accepted meaning, the term
bona fide is synonymous with "genuine' or "authentic' "). Neither party disputes that the BSI
equivalent pay program existed and that BSI paid amounts to qualifying incumbents. Also, did the
employer "observe the terms of" the plan? The parties concede that, in refusing to extend equivalent
pay to incumbents who retired fro m The Boeing Company, BSI "observe[d] the terms of" the
equivalent pay plan. See Betts, 492 U.S. at 165, 109 S.Ct. at 2860. Since the parties' concessions
pretermit consideration of these two aspects of our initial investigation, we first focus on whether the
equivalent pay program constituted "any ... employee benefit plan."
If the employer did "observe the terms of ... any bona fide employee benefit plan," then the
statute requires us t o ask whether the plan is "a subterfuge to evade the purposes of the" Age
Discrimination in Employment Act. A program that qualifies as an "employee benefit plan" under the
initial requirement "is entitled to the protection of the Ї 4(f)(2) exemption"--unless the plan is such
L.Ed.2d 108 (1992); see supra note 3. Congress restored the "original congressional intent in
passing and amending the [ADEA], which was to prohibit discrimination against older workers in
all employee benefits except when age-based reductions in employee benefit plans are justified by
significant cost considerations." Pub.L. No. 101433, Ї 101, 104 Stat. at 978.

a subterfuge. Betts, 492 U.S. at 166, 109 S.Ct. at 2860. "The term "subterfuge' must be given its
ordinary meaning as "a scheme, plan, stratagem, or artifice of evasion,' " which, "in the context of Ї
4(f)(2), connotes a specific "intent ... to evade a statutory requirement.' " Id. 492 U.S. at 168, 171,
109 S.Ct. at 2861, 2863 (quoting McMann, 434 U.S. at 197, 98 S.Ct. at 450). Section 4(a)(1)
prohibits workplace age discrimination with respect to an employee's "compensation, terms,
conditions, or privileges of employment." Importantly, the Betts Court held that "both Ї 4(a)(1) and
Ї 4(f)(2) could be given effect only if Ї 4(f)(2) is viewed as exempting bona fide plans that are not
"a method of discriminating in other, non fringe-benefit aspects of the employment relationship.' "
Westinghouse, 925 F.2d at 623 (quoting Betts, 492 U.S. at 177, 109 S.Ct. at 2866) (emphasis added).
While the Court failed to define the term "nonfringe-benefit," the decision certainly means that "the
term[ ] "bona fide employee benefit plan' " used in section 4(f)(2) and the term " "nonfringe benefit'
[implicated in section 4(a)(1) ] are mutually exclusive." Id. As we read the decision, the term
"employee benefit plan" simply means the fringe benefit aspects of the employment relationship.
Congress exempted discrimination in the fringe benefit aspect of the employment relationship,
choosing to legislate "only as to hiring and firing, wages and salaries, and other nonfringe-benefit
terms and conditions of employment" and leaving "the employee benefit battle for another day."5
Betts, 492 U.S. at 177, 109 S.Ct. at 2866. An employer does not violate the ADEA by making
age-based distinctions in dispersing fringe benefits. Id. When an "employee benefit plan" varies
fringe benefits based on age, that plan is illegal if the employer adopted it with the intent to
discriminate against older employees regarding a nonfringe-benefit term and condition of
employment. Equal Employment Opportunity Comm'n v. City Colleges, 944 F.2d 339, 341 (7th
Cir.1991) (citing Betts, 492 U.S. at 169184, 109 S.Ct. at 286268). "Any attempt to avoid the
prohibitions of the Act by cloaking forbidden discrimination in the guise of age-based differentials in
benefits ... fall[s] outside the Ї 4(f)(2) exemption." Betts, 492 U.S. at 180, 109 S.Ct. at 2867.
5That day arrived in 1990. See supra note 3.

The illegality of age-based distinctions in fringe benefits thus depends on whether the
employer intended to discriminate in a nonfringe benefit area of employment. See City Colleges, 944
F.2d at 342. Betts held that section 4(f)(2) requires that the plaintiff shoulder the burden of showing
subterfuge--an "actual intent" on the part of the employer "to discriminate in those [non
fringe-benefit] aspects of the employment relationship protected by the provisions of the ADEA."6
Betts, 492 U.S. at 181, 109 S.Ct. at 2868 (holding that "Ї 4(f)(2) redefines the elements of a plaintiff's
prima facie case instead of establishing a defense," ruling that the Public Employees Retirement
System discriminated based on age in observing the terms of a "bona fide employee benefit plan" and
remanding to afford the plaintiff an opportunity to prove subterfuge).
We return to the threshold issue in the section 4(f)(2) analysis: Whether the equivalent pay
program constituted "any ... employee benefit plan." Betts teaches that this issue reduces to one
question: Did the equivalent pay involve a fringe benefit or nonfringe benefit aspect of the
employment relationship? Courts generally distinguish between "nonfringe benefits," typified by
wages and salaries, on the one hand, and "fringe benefits," enumerated by example in section 4(f)(2)
as retirement, pension and insurance plans. A nonfringe benefit immediately compensates an
employee for current services--job performance--while a fringe benefit ordinarily rewards the
employee for longevity. Farmers, 943 F.2d at 1003; Westinghouse, 925 F.2d at 626. A fringe
benefit lacks the compulsive thrust of the basic compensation, terms, conditions and privileges of
employment. The Third Circuit held that a severance plan constituted an "employee benefit plan."
Severance pay is linked to an employee's length of service, for it becomes available as a benefit only
to those employed for a specified period, and the occurrence of a layoff, for the severance pay
provides short-term financial assistance during the post-layoff transition period. Westinghouse, 925
F.2d at 626 (holding that the EEOC conceded at trial that the fringe benefit severance plans did not
6The Older Workers Benefit Protection Act rejected this holding by placing the burden to offer
cost justifications for age-based employment decisions on the employer. We repeat that this
legislation applied only prospectively. See supra note 3; see also Gray v. York Newspapers, Inc.,
957 F.2d 1070, 1084 n. 8 (3rd Cir.1992).

constitute a subterfuge under section 4(f)(2)). The Ninth Circuit characterized a profit sharing plan
as a "hybrid." Farmers, 943 F.2d at 1003. The plan in question exhibited qualities of a fringe benefit
because it functioned as a retirement plan. On the other hand, the plan also implicated the notion of
a nonfringe benefit because the employer designed the plan "to compensate for work actually
performed by the employee" and the employees treated the plan as one providing "immediate
compensation once an employee ha[d] been with the company for five years." Id. (holding that the
profit sharing plan violated the ADEA by denying wages to employees over age 65 solely on the basis
of age); see id. at 100305 (holding that to the extent the profit sharing plan represented an
"employee benefit plan," the plan was a subterfuge to evade the purposes of the ADEA).
The district court held that the equivalent pay program constituted a "bona fide employee
benefit plan" under section 4(f)(2). Because "equivalent pay ha[d] nothing to do with current
performance," since the employees' base pay did not include equivalent pay and because the
equivalent pay simply substituted for lost holiday pay and lost matching contributions to the voluntary
investment plan, the court characterized the equivalent pay as a fringe benefit.
The EEOC argues that the equivalent pay constituted a nonfringe benefit aspect of the
employment relation governed by the standard in section 4(a)(1) of the ADEA. First, the EEOC
quarrels with the district court's mode of analysis. According to the EEOC, this Court must apply
an objective test and disregard the employer's motives in extending the challenged measure to
incumbent employees. If not, any employer could gain the protection of section 4(f)(2) by
characterizing a nonfringe benefit as an "employee benefit plan."7
The realities of the program govern our inquiry. See Betts, 492 U.S. at 17880, 109 S.Ct.
7We pause briefly to note that if the issue was before us, we would not hold that a cat was a
dog simply because a defendant called the cat a dog. Cf. William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
act II, sc. ii ("What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as
sweet.").

at 2867. The evidence demonstrates that BSI offered incumbent employees the equivalent pay to
replace the lost paid holidays and lost contributions to the retirement plan, not, as the EEOC asserts,
to compensate the incumbents for current services based on their past work for BH. The brochure
distributed to the incumbents stated that the incumbents would receive equivalent pay "to provide for
the loss of three paid holidays and The Boeing Company contribution to participants in the Voluntary
Investment Plan." The substituted items--the lost holiday pay and retirement
contributions--determined the composition and, indeed, the very existence of the equivalent pay.
The "pay" was equivalent to what the employees would have received in the form of paid holidays
and matching retirement contributions if they had not experienced the layoff and remained at BH.
In the words of the Ninth Circuit, the way the equivalent pay program was "structured and treated
by [BSI] employees," it rewarded the employees for longevity and continuity of service by bridging
the fringe benefits gap between BH and BSI.
BSI asserts that the lost items constituted fringe benefits and argues that the substitute,
equivalent pay, naturally deserves the same designation. We find this argument quite convincing.
Certainly matching contributions to a retirement plan constitute a fringe benefit, for the statute
describes retirement plans as one of the enumerated examples of an "employee benefit plan." See 29
U.S.C. Ї 623(f)(2).
BSI maintains that lost holiday pay also represents a fringe benefit because it does not "relate
to" current performance--all employees receive paid holidays. The EEOC, however, labels the
holiday pay as a nonfringe benefit. The EEOC likens the lost paid holidays to routine vacation pay,
pointing to the Supreme Court decision in Massachusetts v. Morash, 490 U.S. 107, 109 S.Ct. 1668,
104 L.Ed.2d 98 (1989). The Morash Court decided whether a policy of paying employees for unused
routine vacation time constituted an "employee welfare benefit plan" within the meaning of ERISA
or an exempted payroll practice. Stressing the purpose of ERISA, to eliminate the "mismanagement
of funds accumulated to finance employee benefits" through "extensive reporting, disclosure, and

fiduciary duty requirements," the Court held that ordinary vacation payments "present[ed] none of
the risks that ERISA [wa]s intended to address." Id. 490 U.S. at 115, 109 S.Ct. at 1673. Rather,
the routine vacation payments at issue were "fixed, due at known times, and d[id] not depend on
outside contingencies." Id. The Court thus refused to characterize the routine vacation pay policy
as an "employee welfare benefit plan" within the meaning of ERISA. Id. 490 U.S. at 12021, 109
S.Ct. at 1676.
The EEOC argues that holiday pay, like the routine vacation pay policy in Morash, constitutes
a nonfringe benefit because it does not depend on any contingency outside the control of the
employee. Although the Supreme Court used this criterion to characterize a "payroll practice" as
falling outside the statutory bounds of ERISA, Morash, 490 U.S. at 11416, 109 S.Ct. at 1673, this
is not an ERISA case. The purposes of the controlling statute in Morash counsel against affording
this factor determinative importance in resolving a similar issue under the ADEA. The Morash Court
refused to categorize the vacation pay policy as an "employee welfare benefit plan" in part because
the Court feared the consequences of imposing the detailed reporting and disclosing requirements of
ERISA o n the millions of employers that compensate employees for unused vacation time and
expanding the jurisdiction of the federal courts. Id. 490 U.S. 11620, 109 S.Ct. at 167475. In light
of these concerns, the Morash Court narrowly construed the phrase "employee welfare benefit plan"
for the purposes of ERISA. The Betts Court believed that Congress intended to give a "broad scope"
to the statutory exemption of section 4(f)(2) by using the phrase "any employee benefit plan."
Because of this purposive juxtaposition, we hesitate to analogize between the character of an item
for the purposes of ERISA and its nature within the meaning of the ADEA. This is an ADEA case,
not an ERISA case. Moreover, even if we were to apply the Morash test here, the evidence
demonstrates that the equivalent pay did depend on a contingency outside the control of the
employee--the layoff from BH. Finally, we deem holiday pay more akin to health insurance--a
fringe benefit ordinarily available on an immediate and equal basis to all employees--than vacation
pay--compensation dependent on current job performance. BSI did not offer equivalent pay to

compensate the incumbent employees for work actually performed by the employee for BSI, but to
replace fringe benefits lost when the employee experienced a layoff at BH and accepted employment
at BSI. For that reason, we characterize the equivalent pay as a fringe benefit and hold that the
equivalent pay constituted a "bona fide employee benefit plan" within the meaning of the ADEA. As
interpreted by the Betts Court, the phrase "employee benefit plan" is "broad enough to encompass
a variety of fringe benefits," including the equivalent pay program. Westinghouse, 925 F.2d at 626.
The EEOC next contends that the employees "earn equivalent pay only as they work,"
therefore, the argument continues, the equivalent pay benefit compensates the employee for current
services performed for the employer. If the employee stops working for BSI, the employee stops
receiving equivalent pay. According to the EEOC, t his means that equivalent pay constitutes a
nonfringe benefit aspect of the employment relation. As BSI correctly points out, an employee who
stops working for an employer would lose both wages and certain fringe benefits. An employer
ordinarily discontinues most fringe benefits when an employee stops working for the employer. This
does not mean that those fringe benefits compensate the employee for current services and thus
constitute nonfringe benefits, just as the fact of working does not determine the character of all items
included in the employee's total compensation package.8
Finally, the EEOC argues that the equivalent pay constitutes a nonfringe benefit because BSI
calculated the equivalent pay as a percentage of the employee's base salary. BSI responds that it
offered equivalent pay to replace lost fringe benefits, which transformed t he equivalent pay into a
fringe benefit. See supra page 16. We agree wit h the district court and BSI that expressing
equivalent pay as a percentage of wages merely enabled BSI to accurately replace the value of the
lost fringe benefits. As employers often do when computing fringe benefits, BH originally calculated
8Similarly, the EEOC argues that the equivalent pay secured the current services of BH
incumbents at BSI and thus represent a nonfringe benefit. All benefits extended to employees,
both fringe and nonfringe, secure their current services. The issue is whether the benefit provides
immediate compensation for the performance of their job.

both the matching contributions and paid holidays as a percentage of wages. Equivalent pay does not
become a nonfringe benefit simply because BSI calculates equivalent pay as a percentage of a
nonfringe benefit.
Because we have held that BSI "observ[ed] the terms of ... a bona fide emplo yee benefit
plan," we continue to the second query in the section 4(f)(2) analysis: Whether the equivalent pay
program was a subterfuge to evade the purposes of the ADEA. As in Betts, the equivalent pay plan
logically could be a subterfuge to evade just one of the goals of the ADEA: The elimination of
arbitrary age discrimination in employment. Betts, 492 U.S. at 17576, 109 S.Ct. at 2865; see supra
slip opinion page 6562. Specifically, then, did the EEOC meet its burden of showing that the retired
incumbents' lack of access to the equivalent pay fringe benefit "was the result of an intent to
discriminate in some nonfringe-benefit aspect of the employment relation?" Id. 492 U.S. at 182, 109
S.Ct. at 2868. The employee bears the burden of showing not only that "a discriminatory benefit plan
implicates nonbenefit aspects of employment, but also that it was intended to discriminate." Betts,
492 U.S. at 186, 109 S.Ct. at 2871 (Marshall, J., dissenting); see id. 492 U.S. at 18082, 109 S.Ct.
at 2868.
The district court held that the EEOC failed to present evidence that the equivalent pay
program was a subterfuge to evade the purposes of the ADEA. The EEOC did not brief the
subterfuge issue in this court, choosing to develop its theory that the plan fell under section 4(a)(1)
of the Act. The EEOC neither argued nor produced proof that BSI did specifically intend to
discriminate in a nonfringe benefit aspect of the employment relationship protected by the ADEA
through the "employee benefit plan," the equivalent pay program. Our review of the record reveals
no evidence showing that the equivalent pay program implicated a nonfringe benefit aspect of the
employment relationship or that BSI intended to discriminate in that aspect. See Dist.Ct.Op. at 7,
8 (concluding that the evidence showed that "these individuals incurred [no] loss or changes in their
terms or conditions of employment" and that "the decision to deny equivalent pay to the individuals

on whose behalf the EEOC has brought this litigation was not based on age"). The EEOC has not
carried its burden of proof to remove the equivalent pay program from the section 4(f)(2) exemption.
IV.
Remembering the admonition of the psalmist, we scrutinized this case with exacting care. No
genuine issue exists over any material fact in this case challenging the provisions of an equivalent pay
program under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. The district court correctly applied the
relevant law, section 4(f)(2) of the ADEA, to the undisputed facts in entering summary judgment for
defendant BSI. For these reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.