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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 91-2897
Summary Calendar
RENTON SWAMINATHAN,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SWISS AIR TRANSPORT
COMPANY, LTD.,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
(May 13, 1992)
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, KING and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit
Judges.
POLITZ, Chief Judge:
Renton Swaminathan appeals the district court's dismissal of
his lawsuit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We affirm.
Background
Swaminathan purchased a roundtrip ticket from Swiss Air
Transport Co., Ltd., which routed him from Dakar, Senegal to Geneva

to New York to Geneva and back to Dakar. The flight departed Dakar
on October 29, 1988 and arrived in New York the next day. No
specific return date or return flights are listed on the ticket
which simply reflected a purchase of an open return. Dakar is
listed as both the origin and ultimate destination of the flights.
Upon his arrival in New York, Swaminathan allegedly sustained
injuries when a metal box fell out of an overhead compartment and
struck him. He filed suit in state court in Texas and Swiss Air
removed to federal court, invoking the provisions of the Warsaw
Convention.1 The district court granted Swiss Air's motion to
dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Rule 12(b)(1) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Swaminathan timely appealed.
Analysis
Swaminathan's roundtrip flight clearly falls within the
provisions2 of the Warsaw Convention. Article 28(1) prescribes
1
Official Title: "Convention for the Unification of
Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air,
October 12, 1929." 49 Stat. 3000 (1934), T.S. No. 876, 137
L.N.T.S. 11 reprinted in 49 U.S.C. § 1502 note (l976).
2
A r t i c l e 1 ( 2 ) o f t h e W a r s a w C o n v e n t i o n d e f i n e s
"international transportation" as
any transportation in which, according to the contract
made by the parties, the place of departure and the place
of destination, whether or not there be a break in the
transportation or a transshipment, are situated either
within the territories of two High Contracting Parties,
or within the territory of a single High Contracting
Party, if there is an agreed stopping place within a
territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate
or authority of another power, even though that power is
not a party to this convention.
2

where an action must be brought. It states:
An action for damages must be brought, at the option
of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the High
Contracting Parties, either [1] before the court of the
domicile of the carrier or [2] of his principal place of
business, or [3] where he has a place of business through
which the contract has been made, or [4] before the court
at the place of destination.
I.
Place of Destination
Swaminathan contends that New York City was the place of
destination under Article 28 because he left the specific flight
numbers and dates for his return to Dakar open, citing Aenestad v.
Air Canada, Inc., 390 F.Supp. 1165 (C.D.Cal. 1975), in support of
his argument that when the flight number, time, and class on a
return trip from the United States are left open, the place of
destination is the city in the United States. He misperceives the
law. Aenestad was squarely rejected 12 years later by the same
court in Lee v. China Airlines, 669 F.Supp. 979 (C.D.Cal. 1987),
which adopted the reasoning of Butz v. British Airways, 421 F.Supp.
127 (E.D.Pa. 1976). We agree with Lee. When a person purchases a
roundtrip ticket, there can be but one destination, where the trip
originated. Lee; In re Alleged Food Poisoning, 770 F.2d 3 (2d Cir.
1985). This is true even when the flight number, time, and date on
a return trip are left open.
Swaminathan contends that New York City should be the place of
destination under Article 28 because it was his intention at the
time he purchased the ticket to make New York his final destination
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and that the only reason he purchased a roundtrip ticket was
because it was less expensive. The court in In Re Air Crash
Disaster Near Warsaw, Poland, 760 F.Supp. 30 (E.D.N.Y. 1991),
accepted the proposition that it is the intent of the passenger
alone, "and not the intention of the parties as expressed in the
contract or otherwise," which determines the "final destination."
Id. at 32. We reject that absolute proposition as unworkable.
Necessarily a passenger's intent deserves considerable weight
when ascertaining the final destination; but this alone cannot be
the sole determining factor. Swaminathan entered into a contract
with Swiss Air when he purchased the roundtrip ticket. When
interpreting the meaning of a contract it is the objective, and not
the subjective intent of the parties which controls. When a
contract is unambiguous, the instrument alone is taken to express
the intent of the parties. Fuller v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 872
F.2d 655 (5th Cir. 1989); Shelton v. Exxon Corp., 921 F.2d 595 (5th
Cir. 1991).
The contract before us is unambiguous as to the destination.
The ticket clearly has Dakar listed as both the point of origin and
the destination. Under the terms of the ticket New York City is
merely an intermediate stopping point. The only uncertainty in the
ticket is the exact time, date, and flight number of the return to
Dakar. We look at the ticket and retain no doubt that Dakar,
Senegal is the final destination. In Re Korean Air Lines Disaster
of September 1, 1983, 664 F.Supp. 1478 (D.C.Cir. 1986); Lee;
Petrire v. Spantax, S.A. 756 F.2d 263 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 474
4

U.S. 846 (1985).
II.
Principal Place of Business
Next Swaminathan contends that because Swiss Air has an office
in New York City that New York City must therefore be its principal
place of business. This argument is without merit. Under
Article 28 there can be only one principal place of business for an
air carrier and this is normally where the air carrier is
incorporated. Wyler v. Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd., 928 F.2d 1167
(D.C.Cir. 1991); Smith v. Canadian Pacific Airways, Ltd., 452 F.2d
798 (2d Cir. 1971); Re Air Disaster Near Cove Neck, 774 F.Supp. 718
(E.D.N.Y. 1991). Swiss Air is incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland
and that is its principal place of business.
III. Constitutional Arguments
Finally, Swaminathan contends that Article 28(1) of the Warsaw
Convention deprives him of his constitutional rights to due process
and travel. We are not persuaded. The Warsaw Convention is a
treaty entered into by the United States and is the supreme law of
the land. U.S. Const. art. VI, cl.2; Boehringer-Mannheim
Diagnostics v. Pan Am World, 737 F.2d 456 (5th Cir. 1984). The
terms of Article 28 consistently have been upheld by our courts.
Lee; Smith; Duff v. Varig Airlines, Inc., 185 Ill.App.3d 992, 542
N.E.2d 69 (lst Dist. 1989); McCarthy v. East African Airways Corp.,
13 Av. Cas. (CCH) 17,385 (S.D.N.Y. 1974), aff'd sub nom. Fay v.
East African Airways Corp., 517 F.2d 1395 (2d Cir. 1975); Compagnie
5

Nationale Air France v. Giliberto, 74 Ill.2d 90, 383 N.E.2d 977
(Ill. 1978), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 932 (1979).
A.
Substantive Due Process
Swaminathan contends that Article 28(1) of the Warsaw
Convention violates his right to travel. It is manifest that the
limitations imposed by Article 28(1) are not wholly irrational.
The primary goal of the Warsaw Convention was to create uniformity
in the law regarding international air travel. Lee; Duff. The
treaty furthers this goal and, assuming that we would presume to
apply a constitutional test, it passes muster.
B.
Procedural Due Process
The final argument is that Article 28(1) of the Warsaw
Convention violates Swaminathan's right to due process because he
would have no other recourse in this country if jurisdiction is not
found under the treaty. We need say no more than the United States
is not the proper forum for this suit. Article 28(1) informs of
the places where suit must be brought -- Senegal and Switzerland.
AFFIRMED.
6