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United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 92-1489
Summary Calendar.
MCI TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CREDIT BUILDERS OF AMERICA, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
Jan. 12, 1993.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.
Before JOLLY, DUHÉ and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.
DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:
MCI Telecommunications Corporation ("MCI") appeals the district court's sua sponte
dismissal of MCI's suit to collect unpaid charges for telecommunications services provided to Credit
Builders of America, Inc. ("Credit Builders"). The district court dismissed the case for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction. We find no error and affirm.
Background
From December 1990 through September 1991, MCI provided telecommunications services
to Credit Builders in both Texas and Missouri. All services were provided in accordance with the
terms of MCI's F.C.C. Tariff No. 1 (the "Tariff"), filed with the Federal Communications
Commission. After allegedly not receiving any payment for services rendered, MCI terminated all
telecommunication services to Credit Builders. In October 1991, MCI brought this action to recover
$38,897.00 for amounts due from Credit Builders under the terms and conditions set forth in the
Tariff, plus attorneys' fees and costs. MCI moved for summary judgment and the district court
dismissed the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Discussion
MCI contends that the United States District Courts have independent federal question

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 13311 and jurisdiction over matters arising out of the Communications
Act under 28 U.S.C. § 1337.2 MCI argues that the district court's dismissal of this case should be
reversed based on Ivy Broadcasting Co. v. American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 391 F.2d 486
(2d Cir.1968).
In general, to determine whether a cause of action "arises under" federal law for purposes of
federal question jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has stated that a case arises under federal law if "it
really and substantially involves a dispute or controversy respecting the validity, construction, or
effect of such a law, upon the determination of which the result depends." Gully v. First Nat'l Bank,
299 U.S. 109, 114, 57 S.Ct. 96, 98, 81 L.Ed. 70 (1936). And it has been held that "federal common
law," when it exists, is among the "laws of the United States" referred to in the jurisdictional statute,
thus conferring federal question jurisdiction. Illinois v. Milwaukee, 406 U.S. 91, 92 S.Ct. 1385, 31
L.Ed.2d 712 (1972).
The Second Circuit in Ivy held that "questions concerning the duties, charges, and liabilities"
of carriers are to be governed solely by federal law. Ivy, 391 F.2d at 491. The court in Ivy concluded
the federal interest in telephone companies is so strong and the legislation regulating such companies
is so comprehensive that federal common law gives a remedy for tort or breach of contract even
though the statutes provide no such remedy, either expressly or impliedly. Id. at 491. We are not
persuaded by the reasoning in Ivy. In fact, the decision in Ivy has received much criticism. The
decision has been referred to as "extreme" and "questionable."3
MCI cites to our decision in Pennzoil Co. v. Federal Energy Regulatory Com., 645 F.2d 360,
385 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1142, 102 S.Ct. 1000, 71 L.Ed.2d 293 (1982), as
following the Ivy case. Pennzoil, however, cites to Ivy for the proposition that in order for all aspects
of a contract subject to federal regulation to be governed by federal rather than state law, an
1Section 1331 states: "The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions
arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States."
2Section 1337 states: "The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action or
proceeding arising under any Act of Congress...."
3Charles A. Wright, Law of Federal Courts § 60 (4th Ed.1983).

independent indication of congressional policy indicating that the contract be rul ed by federal
common law must be present. Pennzoil, 645 F.2d at 385. The Court then goes on to distinguish the
case at bar from the Ivy case. MCI's reliance on Pennzoil is misplaced. While we agree with the
general proposition stated in Ivy, we believe that the Ivy court has gone too far in making "further
inroads ... upon the clear provisions of the Rules of Decision Act on the vague grounds of federal
interest."4 We prefer instead to take a more cautious approach with respect to the recognition of
federal common law.5 As the Supreme Court has emphasized, the federal common law is appropriate
in only a "few and restricted" circumstances. Milwaukee v. Illinois, 451 U.S. 304, 313, 101 S.Ct.
1784, 1790, 68 L.Ed.2d 114 (1981). In Texas Industries, Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc., 451 U.S.
630, 641, 101 S.Ct. 2061, 2067, 68 L.Ed.2d 500 (1981), the Supreme Court went on to state that
"absent some congressional authorization to formulate substantive rules of decision, federal common
law exists only in such narrow areas as those concerned with the rights and obligations of the United
States, interstate and international disputes implicating the conflicting rights of States or our relations
with foreign nations, and admiralty cases." We do not believe that this case to collect a delinquent
telephone bill falls within these limited instances.6
This case involves MCI's ability to recover on a contract or its ability to recover in quantum
meruit. It does not involve the validity, construction, or effect of the Communications Act or any
other federal statute. Actions for breach of contract and recovery in quantum meruit have their
source in state law, and are consequently not entitled to federal jurisdiction.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.

4Currie, Federal Jurisdiction in a Nutshell 244 (2d ed. 1981).
5Wright, supra note 3.
6For the same reasons, we do not believe that Section 1337 confers federal question
jurisdiction.