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United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 92-1567
Summary Calendar.
Gilda F. WILLIAMS, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
AC SPARK PLUGS DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, Defendant-
Appellee.
March 11, 1993.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, SMITH, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
Gilda Williams appeals a judgment dismissing her claims against the AC Spark Plugs Division
of General Motors Corporation ("GM"). She argues that the district court had no jurisdiction and
that its findings are vague and incorrect. We affirm.
I.
Williams started to work at GM's Wichit a Falls, Texas, plant in 1979. She is a citizen of
Texas; GM is incorporated in Delaware and has its principal place of business in Michigan. In May
1986, Williams develo ped pain in her wrist and arm, which her family doctor diagnosed as
work-related carpal tunnel syndrome. Her doctor restricted her to perform only light duty work.
Apparently, rather than putting Williams on light duty work, her supervisor at GM told her to "float
around."
On May 7, 1987, Williams began a medical leave of absence. From that time until May 1988,
she received workers' compensation benefits. In May and July 1987, she underwent surgery on both
arms. On April 25, 1988, she returned to her job but did not work a full day, because she experienced
pain and swelling in her fingers. She returned to work the next day but was not able to com plete
either the loading or unloading positions to which she was assigned. After half a day, she left work
and did not return.

Williams's doctor sent a letter on April 28, 1988, to inform GM that he was placing her on
sick leave. On May 12, the doctor wrote a letter to GM st ating that he was releasing Williams to
return to light work. Williams did not return to work. She claims that she believed her doctor had
put her back on medical leave.
On May 18, GM sent Williams a letter pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement
between GM and her union, informing her that if she did not return to work, her seniority would be
broken. GM sent another letter to the same effect on May 24. On June 6, GM sent a final letter to
Williams advising her that her seniority was broken because she had not returned to work. Williams
testified that she was terminated on June 5; GM maintains that she voluntarily quit her job as of June
6.
Williams's doctor wrote a letter, dated May 20, 1988, which stated that he considered
Williams to be on medical leave pending further evaluation. The envelope containing this letter had
a postmark of May 23 and a postage meter mark of June 23. Two GM employees testified that GM
did not receive this letter until after June 6. The district court concluded that the June 23 postmark
"was the one accurately mailed the date of posting."
On May 31, 1990, Williams filed suit against GM in Texas state court, alleging that GM had
terminated her in violation of the Texas Workers' Compensation Act, TEX.REV.CIV.STAT.ANN. art.
8307c, and that GM had wrongfully discharged her with malice and without just cause in violation
of state common law. On July 12, 1990, GM filed a notice of removal, contending that it was
allowed to remove the case based upon diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. � 1441(a) and the
existence of a federal question under 28 U.S.C. � 1441(b).1 As the basis for federal question
jurisdiction, Williams's pleadings contained a claim dependent upon an analysis of the terms of the
collective bargaining agreement covering her employment, a contract within the ambit of 29 U.S.C.
1Williams originally contested the diversity issue, maintaining that GM's notice of removal
alleged only that she was a resident, not a citizen, of Texas. At the time of the pretrial order,
however, Williams had admitted that diversity of citizenship existed. The amount in controversy
was always greater than the requisite $50,000.

� 185(a).2 Williams took no action to remand the case within thirty days of its removal.
On December 11, 1991, more than a year after removal, the district court ordered the parties
to address the question of whether it should remand. On February 27, 1992, the court refused to
remand, deciding diversity jurisdiction existed, notwithstanding any initial pleading inadequacies, and
that removal was proper because the parties' dispute was governed by the collective bargaining
agreement, so that section 301 of the Labor-Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. � 185, preempted
Williams's claims under article 8307c.
At a pretrial conference on June 1, Williams abandoned all of her state common law claims,
leaving only her article 8307c claim. The next day, the district court filed an order dismissing with
prejudice all of Williams's claims, except the article 8307c claim. On June 3, Williams reasserted her
position that the district court ought to remand the case to state court.
A bench trial took place on June 8. The co urt refused to find that GM had discharged
Williams because she filed a workers' compensation claim. It also refused to find that GM willfully
or maliciously had discharged Williams in violation of the Texas Workers' Compensation Act. The
court also noted that section 301 did not preempt Williams's article 8307c claim. The court entered
final judgment on June 9, directing that Williams take nothing.
II.
We first examine the question of jurisdiction. Under 28 U.S.C. � 1445(c), a defendant may
not remove a civil action arising under a state's workers' compensation laws.3 This statute does not,
however, resolve the issue.
We turn to 28 U.S.C. � 1447(c), which states,
A motion to remand the case on the basis of any defect in removal procedure must be made
2Specifically, GM pointed out that � 64 of the collective bargaining agreement covers the
breaking of seniority. GM notified Williams that her seniority was broken under � 64. Because
she failed to initiate a grievance as the agreement required, GM asserts she was precluded from
seeking relief as she did in filing suit in state court.
3Section 1445(c) states,
A civil action in any State court arising under the workmen's compensation laws of
such State may not be removed to any district court of the United States.

within 30 days after the filing of the notice of removal under section 1446(a). If at any time
before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the
case shall be remanded....
This statute makes a distinction between procedural defects in removal and lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. If a plaintiff finds fault with a procedural element in removal, he has only thirty days in
which to make a motion to remand. On the other hand, if he asserts that the federal court lacks
subject matter jurisdiction, he may move to remand at any time before final judgment.
The crucial issue in this case, then, is whether GM's removal was a procedural defect that
required Williams to move for remand within thirty days. We conclude that the statutory restriction
against removal is not a matter of substantive jurisdiction, but rather a procedural defect that Williams
waived.
This court has never addressed the issue of a defect in removal under section 1445(c). We
have, however, examined removals under section 1445(a), which bars removal of, among other
actions, a Jones Act (46 U.S.C. � 688) claim filed in state court.4
In Lirette v. N.L. Sperry Sun, Inc., 820 F.2d 116, 117 (5th Cir.1987) (en banc), a worker sued
his employer in state court, alleging negligence under the Jones Act. The defendant removed to
federal court, and the plaintiff made no motion to remand within thirty days. Id. We held that the
section 1445(a) "bar to removal may be waived by a litigant's failure to object to such removal in
district court." Id. We reasoned that when an action is initially removed improperly and the case is
tried on its merits, the subsequent issue becomes " "not whether the case was properly removed, but
whether the federal district court would have had jurisdiction of the case had it been filed in that
court.' " Id. (quoting Grubbs v. General Elec. Credit Corp., 405 U.S. 699, 702, 92 S.Ct. 1344,
1347, 31 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972)).
4Section 1445(a) states,
(a) A civil action in any State court against a railroad or its receivers or
trustees, arising under sections 51 to 60 of Title 45, may not be removed to any
district court of the United States.
In 46 U.S.C. � 688, the Jones Act incorporates the general provisions of the Federal
Employer's Liability Act, including � 1445(a).

In In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d 1518, 1521 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct.
914, 116 L.Ed.2d 814 (1991), we considered whether removal in violation of 28 U.S.C. � 1441(b),5
which prohibits removal if any defendant is a citizen of the state in which the action was brought, is
a defect in removal procedure under section 1447(c). The plaintiffs sued several defendants,
including two Texas citizens, in Texas state court, and all of the defendants joined in removal to
federal court. 932 F.2d at 1518. Thirty-three days after removal, the plaintiffs moved to remand
because of the presence of the two Texas defendants; the district court remanded. Id.
We confronted the question of what the language "any defect in removal procedure" in section
1447(c) means. Id. at 1521. We first acknowledged the distinction between defects in removal
procedure and lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Id. at 1522, then noted that section 1447(c) "
"requires remand on any ground other than lack of subject matter jurisdiction to be sought within
30 days of the filing of a notice of removal.' " Id. (quoting 14A CHARLES A. WRIGHT, ET AL.,
FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE � 3739, at 95 (2d ed. Supp.1990)). We concluded that "any
defect in removal procedure" includes any nonjurisdictional defect that existed at the time of removal.
Id. We held that since the presence of Texas defendants--not allowed under section 1441(b)--was
not a problem of subject matter jurisdiction, the plaintiffs had waived their objection to the improper
removal by waiting more than thirty days to move for a remand. Id. at 1523.6
5Section 1441(b) states,
(b) Any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction
founded on a claim or right arising under the Constitution, treaties or laws of the
United States shall be removable without regard to the citizenship or residence of
the parties. Any other such action shall be removable only if none of the parties in
interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which
such action is brought.
6We note that in Hurt v. Dow Chem. Co., 963 F.2d 1142, 1143 (8th Cir.1992), the court
allowed remand almost a year after removal. The court held that the presence of a defendant who
was a citizen of the state in which the action was initially brought was not a procedural defect, but
rather created an absence of subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 1145-46. See also Melahn v.
Pennock Ins., 965 F.2d 1497, 1502-03 (8th Cir.1992) (criticizing Shell Oil and deciding that
motion to remand based upon abstention, even though made more than 30 days after removal,
was not covered by � 1447(c)); Foster v. Chesapeake Ins. Co., 933 F.2d 1207, 1213 (3d Cir.),
cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 302, 116 L.Ed.2d 245 (1991) (since "not all
non-jurisdictional motions for remand are governed by the 30-day time limit," a motion to remand
made 54 days after removal based upon a forum selection clause is not covered by � 1447(c)).

In Baris v. Sulpicio Lines, 932 F.2d 1540, 1543 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112
S.Ct. 420, 116 L.Ed.2d 449 (1991), we confronted the issue of whether a plaintiff waived his right
to challenge a possibly improper removal of an action under the "saving to suitors" clause of 28
U.S.C. � 1333(1)7 because he had failed to file a motion for remand within thirty days after removal
as section 1447(c) requires. Alluding once more to the difference between a procedural defect and
subject matter jurisdiction, we declared that a procedural defect "is any defect that does not go to the
question of whether the case originally could have been brought in federal district court...." 932 F.2d
at 1544. A plaintiff may waive an irregularity in removal, and if he does, a federal court may proceed
with a removed case subject to its original jurisdiction. Id. We concluded that even if the case was
improperly removed under section 1333(1), any possible defect in removal would have been merely
a procedural defect, one that the plaintiff waived by failing to move for remand within thirty days,
because we had original jurisdiction under the Death on the High Seas Act, 46 U.S.C. � 761. 932
F.2d at 1545-46.
Thus, our recent cases yield the following rule: If a plaintiff initially could have filed his
action in federal court, yet chose to file in state court, even if a statutory provision prohibits the
defendant from removing the action and the defendant removes despite a statutory proscription
against such removal, the plaintiff must object to the improper removal within thirty days after the
removal, or he waives his objection. Only in the case of a lack of subject matter jurisdiction--such
as no diversity of citizenship, or the absence of a federal question if that were the sole ground for
removal--may the plaintiff object to removal after the thirty-day limit. Any other objection is
procedural and waived after thirty days.8
For criticism of Hurt, see Quentin F. Urquhart, Jr., Waiver of Defects in Jurisdiction: Another
Path to Federal Court, DEFENSE, DEC.1992, AT 7.
7Section 1333(1) provides that "[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction, exclusive
of the courts of the States, of ... [a]ny civil case of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction, saving to
suitors in all cases all other remedies to which they are otherwise entitled."
8See also In re Digicon Marine, Inc., 966 F.2d 158, 160 (5th Cir.1992) ("all removal defects
are waivable except for lack of original subject matter jurisdiction...."); Barnes v. Westinghouse
Elec. Corp., 962 F.2d 513, 516 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 600, 121 L.Ed.2d
536 (1992) (motion to remand based upon � 1446(b) made 20 months after removal was waivable

Williams could have brought her state workers' compensation claim originally in federal
district court on the basis of diversity. She chose instead to file in state court. By waiting for more
than thirty days after removal to object, Williams waived her right to remand.9
III.
Williams next argues that the district court did not make its findings of fact with sufficient
specificity and particularity. The Amended Joint Pre-Trial Order listed twenty-nine stipulated facts
and twenty-two contested issues of fact. Williams complains that it is "unclear" what the district
court meant in its findings on contested issue number 1 and contested issue number 10. Number 1
deals with whether Williams quit her job or was fired; number 10 concerns any link between
Williams's discharge and her workers' compensation claim. Because of these alleged lapses in clarity,
Williams insists that we cannot review the district court's findings under that clearly erroneous
procedural defect).
9At least two district courts have addressed this question and arrived at opposite results. In
Cook v. Shell Chem. Co., 730 F.Supp. 1381, 1382 (M.D.La.1990), the court held that by analogy
to the � 1445(a) analysis in Lirette, the plaintiff's failure to object within 30 days to removal of a
workers' compensation suit worked as a waiver under � 1445(c). In Blackmore v. Rock-Tenn
Co., 756 F.Supp. 288, 289 (N.D.Tex.1991), the court sua sponte remanded a Texas workers'
compensation action more than 30 days after removal. The defendant had objected to the
remand, claiming that the district court had original jurisdiction because diversity of citizenship
existed. Id. Assuming diversity existed, the remand is questionable.
We note that GM originally removed this case based upon federal question
jurisdiction as well as diversity. Because we have decided that there was diversity, we
need not decide whether a federal question was presented.
Williams also apparently argues that once she abandoned any claims that might
involve a federal question, the district court should have remanded because only state
claims remained. Because the parties were of diverse citizenship, the district court's
substantive subject matter jurisdiction still existed, so the refusal to remand was not error.
See Pope v. MCI Telecommunications Corp., 937 F.2d 258, 263 (5th Cir.1991), cert.
denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1956, 118 L.Ed.2d 558 (1992).
In addition, Williams appears to contend, in her reply brief, that if a federal
question was present in her original claim, the initial removal was not flawed. Williams
then maintains that only when she abandoned all claims having a basis in federal law did
the � 1445(c) prohibition against removal of a diversity case come into play, and at that
point, Williams still had 30 days to move for remand. We reject this argument. Williams
has contested the existence of a federal question from the outset. She may not now argue
that, because a federal question might once have been present but has since disappeared,
only at this point did the removal based upon diversity become impermissible under
1445(e).

standard of FED.R.CIV.P. 52(a).
We agree with Williams that the clearly-erroneous standard governs our review of the district
court's findings of fact. See Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S. 273, 287, 102 S.Ct. 1781, 1789,
72 L.Ed.2d 66 (1987). We do not agree with her conclusions, however. The district court's findings
with regard to contested issues six through nine conclusively show that the court found insufficient
evidence that GM discharged Williams because she filed a workers' compensation claim, because she
hired a lawyer to represent her in her claim, or because she instituted proceedings under the Texas
Workers' Compensation Act. The court stated that it "did not find that the defendant was motivated
to do anything it did by reason of the plaintiff's workers' compensation claim." After reviewing the
record, we find no reason to disturb these sufficient findings.
IV.
Williams's final point of contention is that the district court erred in concluding that GM
terminated her because she did not notify GM of the reason for her absence from work after May 12,
1988. Williams would have us take judicial notice that the envelope containing a letter from the
doctor stating that he considered Williams again to be on sick leave as of May 20 was mailed on May
23, despite the fact that the envelope bears a postage meter mark of June 23 as well as a postmark
with the date May 23 on it. Williams suggests that the June 23 marking was an error.
The district court rejected t his argument, specifically finding that the June 23 postmark
accurately reflected the date of posting. This finding is not clearly erroneous. Two GM witnesses
testified that they had not received this letter as of June 6. We find nothing in the record that compels
us to conclude that the letter was mailed on May 23 and that GM therefore had notice of the fact that
Williams once again was on medical leave. To the contrary, we note that GM sent warni ngs to
Williams on May 18 and May 24 that her seniority would be broken if she did not explain her absence.
The district court found that Williams did not offer a timely explanation to GM and that therefore she
did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that GM violated the Texas Workers'
Compensation Act. None of these findings was clearly erroneous.
V.

In summary, we find that because the district court's retention of jurisdiction of this case in
spite of 28 U.S.C. � 1445(c)'s prohibition was a procedural defect, the district court correctly refused
to remand the case after the thirty-day time period under 28 U.S.C. � 1447(c) had lapsed. The court's
findings of fact were sufficiently translucent for use to conclude that they were not clearly erroneous.
We therefore AFFIRM.