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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_____________________
No. 92-7265
Summary Calendar
_____________________
SANDRA JUDITH "SANDY" SIMONS SOLOMON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
WALGREEN CO.,
Defendant-Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Mississippi
_________________________________________________________________
(
September 21, 1992 )
Before KING and WIENER, Circuit Judges.*
PER CURIAM:
The district court for the Northern District of Mississippi
granted defendant Walgreen Co.'s motion for summary judgment
against plaintiff Sandra Judith "Sandy" Simons Solomon (Solomon) in
her action for the alleged breach of an employment contract.
Finding that no genuine issue of material fact exists from which a
jury could determine that Walgreens was in breach of contract with
Solomon, we affirm.
0. This matter is being decided by a quorum. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 46(d).
1

I.
On August 26, 1985, Solomon applied for and accepted the job
of liquor department manager at the Walgreens store located in
Hoffman Estates, Illinois. In 1988 she learned of Walgreens' plans
to open a store in Antioch, Illinois, and requested a transfer to
Antioch, which she received. In May of 1989, Solomon changed
stores again, and went to work at the Walgreens in Fox Lake,
Illinois.
Sometime in February of 1990, Solomon approached Roy Grauer,
her district manager, and informed him that she was in the process
of obtaining a divorce and desired to move to Tupelo so she could
be near her adult daughter. Upon learning that a Memphis Walgreens
store had a liquor department but that the Tupelo location did not,
Grauer asked Solomon if she would consider working in Memphis
instead. Solomon refused, stating that Memphis was too far away
from her daughter. Grauer then contacted Mike Earnest, manager of
the Tupelo Walgreens, who informed Grauer that hours were currently
available at the Tupelo store. Grauer initiated no further steps
regarding the possibility of Solomon's employment in Tupelo.
Solomon acknowledged that Tupelo was not within Grauer's district,
and that he had no authority to move Solomon to the Tupelo store
himself.
In March of 1990, Solomon again approached Grauer, requesting
him to prepare a letter which she could give to the judge presiding
over her divorce action to verify that she would be able to retain
her health insurance on her minor children upon her move to
2

Mississippi. As an accommodation to Solomon, Grauer prepared a
letter addressed "To Whom It May Concern," stating that "Sandy
Simons has been guaranteed 30 hours of employment at the Walgreen
Drug Store located at 423 S. Gloster Street, Tupelo, Mississippi.
This will enable Sandy to maintain her health insurance with
Walgreen." Earnest wrote a similar letter stating that "We will be
able to guarantee the employee 35 to 40 hours so she can keep her
major medical."
In mid-April, Solomon was in Tupelo for her daughter's wedding
and dropped in unexpectedly at the Walgreens store. She introduced
herself to Earnest who told her to come and see him when she got
down to Mississippi. Solomon did not tell Earnest when she
anticipated moving to Tupelo, and there was no discussion of any
employment positions, hours, schedule, or rate of pay. Upon
ascertaining the date of her move, she made no effort to contact
Earnest to inform him of her anticipated arrival date. On June 28,
1990, Solomon requested three months personal leave to relocate to
Mississippi. On July 2, 1990, she presented herself at the Tupelo
store for employment. Solomon was not hired, as no job openings
were available.
Sometime in March of the following year, Solomon filed a
lawsuit against Walgreens alleging breach of contract of her
"guaranteed job" in the Tupelo Mall Walgreens. On June 1, 1991,
Walgreens hired Solomon to work at the Tupelo location. She
continued to work at this location until August 31, 1991, when
Walgreens closed its Tupelo store.
3

In April of 1992, the district court for the Northern District
of Mississippi granted summary judgment in favor of Walgreens,
holding that nothing in the record would lead a reasonable juror to
believe that Walgreens breached an employment contract with
Solomon.
II.
On appeal we review a summary judgment de novo, applying the
same standards as the district court. Waltman v. Int'l Paper Co.,
875 F.2d 468, 474 (5th Cir. 1989). Summary judgment is appropriate
"if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(c). We review the facts drawing all inferences in
the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Duvall v. The
Ritz Carlton Hotel Co., 946 F.2d 418, 420 (5th Cir. 1991). If the
record taken as a whole, however, could not lead a rational trier
of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue
of material fact to be resolved at trial. Matsushita Elec. Indus.
Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
The substantive law of the case identifies which facts are
material for the purposes of summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). In the case at bar, the
substantive law of Mississippi controls. See Erie R.R. Co. v.
Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). This court is Erie-bound to
apply state law as it currently exists, and may not change that law
4

or adopt innovative theories of recovery. Jackson v. Johns-
Manville Sales Corp., 781 F.2d 394, 396-97 (5th Cir. 1986); see
also United Parcel Serv., Inc. v. Weben Indus., Inc., 794 F.2d
1005, 1008 (5th Cir. 1986).
III.
A. The Mississippi Employment at Will Doctrine
Mississippi has long adhered to the common law rule that
"where there is no employment contract (or where there is a
contract which does not specify the term of the worker's
employment), the relation[ship] may be terminated at will by either
party." Perry v. Sears, Roebuck, & Co., 508 So.2d 1086, 1088
(Miss. 1987). The employment at will doctrine was explained in
Kelly v. Mississippi Valley Gas Co., 397 So.2d 874, 874-75 (Miss.
1981), as follows:
The employee can quit at will; the employer can
terminate at will. This means that either the employer
or the employee may have a good reason, a wrong reason,
or no reason for terminating the employment contract.
Id. Mississippi has rigidly adhered to this rule since 1858. See
Butler v. Smith & Tharp, 35 Miss. 457, 464 (1858).1
Acknowledging this doctrine to be controlling, Solomon
nonetheless attempts to escape its application by arguing that she
0.
The only exception to this rule appears to be that in
certain extremely limited circumstances, contractual obligations
may arise through an employee handbook which expressly intends to
modify the terms of employment at will. Perry, 508 So.2d at
1088. Other than this, the Mississippi Supreme Court has
declined opportunity to carve out any exception to the common law
rule. Robinson v. Coastal Family Health Center, Inc., 756 F.
Supp. 958, 961 (S.D. Miss. 1990); see Perry, 508 So.2d at 1089
(refusing to adopt a public policy exception to Mississippi's
employment at will doctrine).
5

had a specific contract of employment with Walgreens evidenced by
the letters from Grauer and Earnest, and the Walgreens employment
manual and handbook. Despite Solomon's arguments, we find the
facts clearly indicate that the relationship between herself and
Walgreens was at will.
Solomon's original employment application from 1985, signed by
Solomon herself, specifically states as follows:
3.
I understand that my employment with Walgreen
Co. is for no definite period and may be terminated at
any time, with or without cause, and without any previous
notice, at the option of either Walgreen Co. or me. I
further understand that no employee, manager or other
agent or representative of Walgreen Co., other than its
Chief Executive Officer, has any authority to enter into
any agreement for employment for any specified time, or
to make any agreement or amendment contrary to the
foregoing.
This clearly indicates that the relationship between the two
parties was at will.2
Solomon argues that the letters supplied at her request by
Grauer and Earnest modified her at-will status and gave her a
specific contract of employment with Walgreens. Under Mississippi
law, we fail to see how this can be so. As the facts state, the
two Walgreens managers provided Solomon with letters stating that
she would be guaranteed a specific number of hours. First of all,
by the unambiguous terms of Solomon's signed employment
application, Solomon had express notice that no manager, such as
0.
In the brief she submitted to this court, Solomon
states that the letters supplied by Grauer and Earnest would
supersede the dictates of the employment application. She fails,
however, to cite any authority for this proposition or explain
why the letters would have this effect.
6

Grauer or Earnest, had the authority to modify her at-will status
by employing her for a definite term. Second, while a specific
number of hours is given, no definite length of term of employment-
-nor any other details of her allegedly "guaranteed" position--
appear in either letter. Length of employment is a substantial
term and must be included in a writing offered to show a contract
of employment for a definite term in order for the statute of
frauds to be satisfied. Bowers Window & Door Co., Inc. v. Dearman,
549 So.2d 1309, 1313 (Miss. 1989); see Miss. Code Ann. § 15-3-1(d)
(1972).
Solomon tenuously attempts to argue that this critical missing
element is supplied by Grauer's and Earnest's references to "30
hours" and "35 to 40 hours" of employment. We fail to see how this
reference establishes a definite term of employment. In the brief
she submitted to this court, Solomon contends that this statement
of hours establishes a definite period of employment "[w]hether the
term be one hour or one month," and that "[w]hether the plaintiff's
employment were for one day or six months, the length of that
employment is not relevant." The argument Solomon is attempting to
advance is far from definite; she herself cannot devine a definite
term of employment from the nebulous writings of Grauer and
Earnest.3 Employment of an agent for an indefinite time is
terminable at will under Mississippi law. Butler, 35 Miss. at 464.
0.
We note that Solomon ultimately was employed at the
Tupelo Walgreens from June 1, 1991 until the Tupelo store closed
on August 31, 1991. This encompasses more than the 30-40 total
hours of employment she asserts she was guaranteed.
7

Without a written confirmation of length of employment, Solomon
remained an employee at will subject to dismissal for a good
reason, a wrong reason, or no reason at all. See Robinson v.
Coastal Family Health Center, Inc., 756 F. Supp. 958, 961 (S.D.
Miss. 1990), citing Kelly, 397 So.2d at 874-75. We therefore
conclude that the writings of Grauer and Earnest are much too
indefinite to establish a definite term of employment and satisfy
the statute of frauds.
Solomon additionally claims that Walgreens' personnel policy
and orientation manuals provide any missing terms of her guaranteed
contract of 30 to 40 hours of employment in Tupelo, thereby
satisfying the statute of frauds and establishing the existence of
an employment contract. Under Mississippi law, an employee
handbook may, under certain conditions, become part of an agreement
between an employer and employee. See Perry, 508 So.2d at 1088-89.
Based on an examination of both Walgreens manuals, however,
Solomon's assertion fails. The orientation manual, ?Welcome to
Walgreens," expressly states in nonobligatory language that it is
an aid to give the employee a better understanding of his or her
job, and that "[t]he policies and statements in this booklet, and
in any other booklets, manuals, or publications of Walgreens are
not a contract of employment or a contract of continued
employment." The personnel policy manual likewise contains no
promises of tenure, nor any other terms that could possibly be
construed as modifying an employee's at-will status. Solomon
wholly fails to cite any specific portions of the manuals
8

supporting her claim. Under Mississippi law, nothing in these
publications could be construed by a reasonable fact finder as
modifying Solomon's at-will status, especially in the face of the
express disclaimer contained in the orientation manual. See Perry,
508 So.2d at 1088-89.
In sum, nothing in the record would lead a reasonable juror to
conclude under Mississippi law that Solomon possessed secured or
guaranteed employment with Walgreens upon her arrival in
Mississippi. Prior to her arrival in Tupelo, there had been no
discussion or confirmation of a start date, salary, position, nor
any other aspect of employment--terms which would normally be
considered of great importance to anyone attempting to secure a job
and relocate her family. Based on these facts, it was manifestly
unrealistic of Solomon to assume that she had a guaranteed job upon
her arrival in Mississippi. At best, she had an invitation to
discuss the possibility of employment at the Tupelo Walgreens once
she moved to Mississippi. Even if the Tupelo store did have a
position available for her upon her arrival, it still would have
been on an at-will basis. What may be perceived as corporate
callousness towards a loyal worker is no basis for a legal cause of
action. See Perry, 508 So.2d at 1087. As has been noted by the
Supreme Court of Mississippi, "[t]he Golden Rule, unfortunately, is
not a rule of law." Id. Viewing the the record in the light most
favorable to Solomon, we fail to see how a rational trier of fact
could find that an employment contract existed between the parties.
B. Equitable and Promissory Estoppel
9

Having decided that neither the manuals nor the letters give
rise to the existence of an enforceable contract between the
parties, we now consider whether an enforceable contract may be
found on grounds of estoppel. Equitable estoppel is a well-
established exception to the statute of frauds. PMZ Oil Co. v.
Lucroy, 449 So.2d 201 (Miss. 1984). A party asserting equitable
estoppel must show (1) that she has changed her position in
reliance upon the conduct of another; and (2) that she has suffered
detriment caused by this change in position in reliance upon that
conduct. Id. at 206. Promissory estoppel requires (1) a promise;
(2) that induces action of a definite or substantial character on
the part of the promisee; and (3) that the promisor reasonably
should have expected the promisee's action. See Sanders v.
Dantzler, 375 So.2d 774, 776-77 (Miss. 1979). If these elements
are present, the promise is binding "if injustice can be avoided
only by the enforcement of the promise." Id. at 776.
Additionally, each of these doctrines requires reasonableness. See
PMZ Oil, 449 So.2d at 206; Sanders, 375 So.2d at 776. The law,
however, "does not regard estoppels with favor, nor extend them
beyond the requirements of the transactions in which they
originate." PMZ Oil, 449 So.2d at 206 (quoting McLearn v. Hill,
176 N.E. 617, 619 (Mass. 1931)).
In the case at bar, Solomon has wholly failed to set forth a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether a promise was made by
Walgreens. The record is devoid of evidence to support Solomon's
allegation that Walgreens promised her guaranteed employment upon
10

her arrival in Mississippi. Therefore, we conclude that no
reasonable trier of fact could find that Walgreens, through the
letters of its district managers, somehow made a promise to Solomon
expecting to induce action on her part to her detriment.4
Furthermore, even if Walgreens hypothetically promised Solomon
a job, we are unable to find any evidence that she relied on such
a hypothetical promise to her detriment. Solomon's decision to
leave Illinois and move to Mississippi was admittedly motivated by
her divorce rather than by the promise of a job with Walgreens.
Even if Solomon's move had been induced by a promise of a job, the
Mississippi Supreme Court has followed the case law of New York,
which "has held consistently that a change of job or residence, by
itself, is insufficient to trigger invocation of the promissory
estoppel doctrine." Bowers Window & Door Co. v. Dearman, 549 So.2d
1309, 1315 (1989) (quoting Cunnison v. Richardson Greenshields
Securities, Inc., 107 A.D.2d 50, 53 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)) (move
from Toronto to New York equally consistent with employment at
will). "The choice to forgo current employment because of rosy
promises does not put the stigma of unconscionability upon the
defendant . . . ." Id. (quoting Ginsberg v. Fairchild-Noble Corp.,
81 A.D.2d 318, 321 (N.Y. App. Div. 1981)). Solomon, therefore,
cannot, on the basis of her move to Mississippi, invoke the
doctrine of promissory estoppel. See Cunnison, 107 A.D.2d at 53.
0.
To the contrary, Solomon received express notice in her
1985 employment application that district managers do not have
the authority to make such promises.
11

Other factors recited by Solomon also weigh against detrimental
reliance: she knew that her rate of pay in Mississippi would be
less than in Illinois; Walgreens never represented that it would
assume Solomon's moving expenses; she alone made the initial
decision to relocate to Mississippi for personal reasons following
her divorce; at no time did Walgreens attempt to induce her to move
based on any sort of promise.5 In short, Walgreens had nothing to
gain by Solomon's relocation to Mississippi.
In order to recover under a breach of contract claim on a
theory of equitable estoppel, a plaintiff must demonstrate a
changed position and detrimental reliance. PMZ Oil, 449 So.2d at
1315. We cannot conclude that Solomon changed her position in
reliance on the alleged promise of employment to her detriment.
The only detriment which Solomon may legitimately claim is the loss
of a Walgreens job in Illinois based on the hope of a Walgreens job
in her newly chosen residential locale. It is the majority rule,
and the rule in Mississippi, that the "termination of existing
employment," even in reliance on an oral contract of employment, is
insufficient proof of detriment and a necessary incident of being
in the labor market or workforce; "it is not such an injury as to
estop a defendant from asserting the statute of frauds as a
0.
Solomon also attempts to argue that the letters by
Grauer and Earnest, prepared at her request, guaranteed her a
definite term of employment for 30 to 40 hours in the Tupelo
store. This even further undermines her estoppel argument. We
find it manifestly unreasonable to assert, and nearly impossible
to believe, that a person would relocate her entire family to
Mississippi based solely on the "promise" of a mere 30 to 40
hours of employment.
12

defense." Bowers, 549 So.2d at 1315. Based upon the current state
of Mississippi law, Solomon, as an at-will employee, has failed to
present any evidence of detriment sufficient to invoke the doctrine
of estoppel. Id.
Accordingly, we find that Solomon has failed to raise any
genuine issue of material fact regarding both the existence of a
promise and her detrimental reliance.6
IV.
We AFFIRM the district court's granting of summary judgment in
favor of Walgreen Co.

0.
Additionally, the letters relied upon by Solomon to
establish the existence of some sort of nebulous promise were not
prepared by Walgreens in order to induce her to relocate, but
were prepared at her request to further her cause in a divorce
proceeding. In light of this state of facts, which Solomon
somehow views as "having no bearing on the issue [of estoppel],"
justice certainly does not require the application of equitable
nor promissory estoppel.
13