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United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 93-8508
Summary Calendar.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Mary Jean FAUBION, Defendant-Appellant.
April 22, 1994.
Appeal from the United States District Court For the Western District of Texas.
Before WISDOM, KING, and GARWOOD, Circuit Judges.
WISDOM, Circuit Judge:
The defendant/appellant in this case, Mary Jean Faubion, assigns two points of error to the
district court's denial of her section 2255 motion.1 First, she contends that the court erred when it
rejected her claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Second, she complains of the court's ruling
that a challenge to an upward departure under the sentencing guidelines is not cognizable in a § 2255
proceeding. Neither constitutes reversible error; we therefore affirm.
I.
Faubion was convicted of armed bank robbery. On February 27, 1989, she robbed the
Savings of America Bank in San Antonio. In the course of taking the money, she admonished the
teller with whom she was dealing not to press any alarm buttons. To emphasize her point, Faubion
pulled out a black pistol, pointed it at the teller, and instructed, "Just give me all your money, now."
The teller did as she was told. Faubion escaped with $1,418.00.
Faubion was arrested several months later in Ogden, Utah. She was apprehended in
connection with an unrelated shoplifting investigation of her husband. When confronted by the
authorities, she denied her true identity and, further, any knowledge of the bank robbery in San
Antonio. After the authorities discovered who she was, they arrested her. Subsequently, she was
128 U.S.C. § 2255.

indicted and convicted on one count of bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(d).
The pre-sentence report ("PSR") classified Faubion as a career offender under U.S.S.G. §
4B1.1, giving her a total offense level of 34. When that level was combined with her criminal history
category of VI, it yielded a sentencing range of 262 to 327 months. Faubion objected to the career
offender classification, however, on the basis that some of her past convictions did not fit the career
offender criteria. A lengthy discussion ensued among the government, the defense, and the
sentencing judge. Ultimately, but reluctantly, the sentencing judge ruled that a career offender
classification in this case was inappropriate. Accordingly, he reduced her total offense level to 24
with a corresponding range of 77 to 96 months.
The district judge warned Faubion that he nonetheless was considering an upward departure
in the light of the seriousness of the offense and the defendant's extensive criminal history. Again he
entertained objections from Faubion's counsel and responses from the government. This time, the
sentencing judge rejected the defense's plea that an upward departure was unnecessary and
inappropriate; he determined that the adjustment was both. Consequently, he sentenced her to 120
months imprisonment, followed by five years supervised release and restitution to the bank of
$1,418.00.
On June 23, 1992, Faubion filed a motion to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 on the bases that, first, she received ineffective assistance of counsel and,
second, the sentencing judge erred when he departed upward. The magistrate to whom this case was
assigned recommended that Faubion's § 2255 motion be denied. The district judge adopted his
recommendations and entered judgment.
On appeal, Faubion reiterates the same arguments for vacating her sentence as she pressed
in the district court. The focal point of her motion is that her attorney provided ineffective assistance
when he advised her to go to trial in the light of the overwhelming evidence against her. She
complains that it was ineffective assistance not to counsel her to plead guilty because, she argues, she
would have received a two-level reduction at sentencing for "acceptance of responsibility".
Overshadowed by that unusual charge are two other allegations that she received ineffective

assistance of counsel. First, she contends that her attorney failed to investigate her competency to
stand trial. Second, she complains that her attorney failed to appeal errors in the sentencing.
II.
In challenges to district court decisions under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, we measure findings of fact
against the clearly erroneous standard and questions of law de novo.2 The district court's conclusions
regarding Faubion's claim that she received ineffective assistance of counsel are mixed questions of
law and fact and, thus, also subject to de novo review.3 Subject to those standards, we turn to
Faubion's assigned points of error.
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.
A claim that counsel's performance fell below the threshold for effective assistance is analyzed
under the framework that the Supreme Court established in Strickland v. Washington4. To carry her
burden, Faubion must show that (1) her attorney's performance was deficient and (2) this deficient
performance prejudiced her defense.5 To satisfy the first prong, the petitioner must show that the
alleged errors of her counsel were so serious as to render the assistance she received below the
constitutional minimum guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.6 That constitutional minimum is
measured against an objective standard of reasonableness.7
As to the second prong, the petitioner must demonstrate that her counsel's deficient
performance so prejudiced her defense that the proceeding was fundamentally unfair.8 This test is
the linchpin and requires a showing that, but for counsel's errors, the result would have been
2United States v. Woods, 870 F.2d 285, 287 (5th Cir.1989).
3Beets v. Collins, 986 F.2d 1478, 1489 (5th Cir.1993), reh'g granted, 998 F.2d 253 (5th
Cir.1993).
4466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
5United States v. Smith, 915 F.2d 959, 963 (5th Cir.1990) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 678,
104 S.Ct. at 2059, 80 L.Ed.2d at 687).
6Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686, 104 S.Ct. at 2063, 80 L.Ed.2d at 692-93.
7Id. at 688, 104 S.Ct. at 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d at 693.
8Id.

different.9 It is within this framework that we examine Faubion's allegations of deficient, prejudicial
performance by her counsel.
1. Advice to Go to Trial. Faubion contends that her counsel's performance was deficient
because he recommended going to trial instead of pleading guilty. She charges that, "[g]iven the
overwhelming evidence against me, no reasonable person would have taken the case to trial." This
argument is unusual, to say the least. Usually a prisoner challenges an attorney's advice to plead
guilty. With excellent hindsight, prisoners often contend that, had they gone to trial, they would have
presented a stellar defense and, ultimately, received an acquittal.10 The originality of Faubion's claim
outpaces its merit, however. Her claim fails the second prong of the Strickland test: She has failed
to demonstrate how she was harmed by going to trial instead of pleading guilty.11
It is important to focus Faubion's argument. She does not challenge the district court's refusal
to grant her a two-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility. Rather, she argues that it
constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel for his failure to recommend a plea of guilty in an effort
to secure this reduction. Our focus is not what the sentencing judge might have done, had she
pleaded guilty. Co urts are deferential to attorneys in examining the exercise of reasonable
professional judgment.12 We determine only whether the attorney's performance was objectively
reasonable as required by the Sixth Amendment and whether the petitioner has proved prejudice.
Faubion's logic is flawed for several reasons. Counsel's decision to force the government to
prove the charges brought against his client, particularly when the alternative offered no discernible
advantage, was well within the bounds of adequat e assistance. Faubion's counsel sat at the plea
bargain table alone; the government offered no deal. Hence, in her attorney's considered judgment
9See United States v. Kinsey, 917 F.2d 181, 183 (5th Cir.1990).
10See, e.g., Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 57-58, 106 S.Ct. 366, 369-370, 88 L.Ed.2d 203,
209-10 (1985).
11Failure to demonstrate prejudice pretermits our inquiry regarding the alleged deficiency of
counsel's performance. See United States v. Pierce, 959 F.2d 1297, 1302 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,
--- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 621, 121 L.Ed.2d 554 (1992).
12See Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 789, 107 S.Ct. 3114, 3123, 97 L.Ed.2d 638, 654 (1987);
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2065, 80 L.Ed.2d at 695.

she had nothing to lose--and possibly something to gain--by proceeding to trial.
Faubion argues that the potential reduction for acceptance of responsibility was impetus
enough to plead guilty.13 The dispositive flaw here is that she can demonstrate no probability that she
would have received that adjustment. Faubion reads a cause-and-effect relationship between pleading
guilty and receiving the two-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility. The guidelines,
however, expressly reject that position. The commentary to section 3E1.1 specifically states that
while "[e]ntry of a plea of guilty prior to the commencement of trial ... will constitute significant
evidence of acceptance of responsibility" a "defendant who enters a guilty plea is not entitled to an
adjustment under this section as a matter of right."14
Significantly, her counsel's advice to proceed to trial did not vitiate her entitlement to the
acceptance of responsibility adjustment. The guidelines expressly state that one who is convicted
after a trial may still be entitled to the reduction.15 What plainly foreclosed her entitlement to the
reduction were her pre-trial statements and conduct reflecting no remorse or acceptance of
responsibility for her crime.
13Section 3E1.1 of the sentencing guidelines provides:
Acceptance of Responsibility
(a) If the defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility for his
offense, decrease the offense level by 2 levels.
(b) If the defendant qualifies for a decrease under subsection (a), the
offense level determined prior to the operation of subsection (a) is level 16 or
greater, and the defendant has assisted authorities in the investigation or
prosecution of his own misconduct by taking one or more of the following steps:
(1) timely providing complete information to the government concerning
his own involvement in the offense; or
(2) timely notifying authorities of his intention to enter a plea of guilty,
thereby permitting the government to avoid preparing for trial and
permitting the government to allocate its resources efficiently,
decrease the offense level by 1 additional level.
14U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, commentary n. 3 (1993). Accord, United States v. Mourning, 914 F.2d
699, 705 (5th Cir.1990).
15U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, commentary n. 2.

In fact, at every stage, Faubion's pre-trial and pre-arrest conduct demonstrated the opposite
of acceptance of responsibility. Faubion was a fugitive for several months while law enforcement
agencies worked to apprehend her. She fled San Antonio and travelled all the way to Ogden, Utah,
before she could be caught. When confronted by the security personnel at the store where her
husband was detained for shoplifting, she denied her true identity. Upon arrest, she declined
knowledge of the bank robbery. This conduct is diametrically inconsistent with any acceptance of
responsibility.16
This was not lost on the sentencing judge. Far from leading to a reduction for acceptance of
responsibility, Faubion's pre-trial and pre-arrest conduct persuaded the judge to give her a sentence
enhancement for obstruction of justice under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. The commentary to section 3E1.1
states that, when a convict is penalized for obstructing justice, it "ordinarily indicates that the
defendant has not accepted responsibility for his criminal conduct."17 Consequently, only in
"extraordinary cases" will a prisoner receive both the obstruction penalty and maintain his entitlement
to the acceptance of responsibility benefit.18 In the light of her penalty for obstruction, then, Faubion's
complaint regarding her attorney's failure to recommend pleading guilty is an empty charge.
In sum, no reasonable probability exists--even if she had pleaded guilty--that she would have
benefitted from the acceptance of responsibility reduction. "A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome."19 Without a showing of reasonable possibility,
Faubion has failed to establish the requisite prejudice to sustain an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim.20
16This downward adjustment is made on the sole basis of pre-trial conduct. Id.
17U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, commentary, n. 4.
18Id. Accord, United States v. Paden, 908 F.2d 1229, 1236-37 (5th Cir.1990), cert. denied,
498 U.S. 1039, 111 S.Ct. 710, 112 L.Ed.2d 699 (1991). The sentencing judge concluded that
Faubion's criminal history rose to a level just shy of career offender. Had she received career
offender status, the credit for accepting responsibility would no longer have been available to her.
19Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068, 80 L.Ed.2d at 698.
20Faubion's claim is quite different from the allegations the defendant raised in United States v.
Day, 969 F.2d 39 (3d Cir.1992), the case upon which Faubion relies. In that case, the court held

We underscore our hesitancy to impose the badge of deficiency on an attorney's measured
judgment to go to trial instead of pleading guilty. To hold otherwise would put attorneys on notice
that their zealous pursuit of an acquittal when the government offers no concessions might result in
a successful claim that he or she performed deficiently. The facts of this case compel no such
warning.
2. Failure to Investigate Faubion's Competency. Faubion contends that her attorney's
performance was deficient because he did not thoroughly investigate her competency to stand trial.
Again, under the Strickland framework, she must show that, in this respect, his performance was
deficient and, more, that her defense was prejudiced by that inadequacy.
"A criminal defendant may not be tried unless he is competent."21 The standard for whether
a criminal defendant is competent to stand trial is
whether the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a
reasonable degree of rational understanding and has a rational as well as factual understanding
of the proceedings against [her].22
Faubion has not demonstrated any basis upon which we could conclude that it constituted ineffective
assistance of counsel for her attorney not to have investigated her competency. In the PSR, Faubion
reported that she had never received any treatment for mental or emotional problems. Faubion
displayed no signs of mental or emotional distress. At all times, she maintained good communicative
skills. No indication exists that she was ever incapable of consulting effectively with her attorney.
She understood fully the nature of the charges and proceedings against her.
Faubion's charge is premised on the notion that she was not in the "right frame of mind" at
that the defendant had received ineffective assistance of counsel when he was told that his
maximum sentence exposure under the guidelines was eleven years. Id. at 42-44. That erroneous
advice led him to decline the government's plea offer of five years. He took his chances, went to
trial, and received a sentence of over 22 years in the light of his career offender status, and could
have received more. Id. at 41. Given the circumstances of that case, a reasonable probability
existed that, had he been informed of his real sentence exposure, the five-year offer would have
been more attractive. Reasonable probability is the key; there it existed, here it does not.
21Godinez v. Moran, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. 2680, 2685, 125 L.Ed.2d 321, 330 (1993)
(internal quotations omitted).
22Id.

the time of trial. In particular she was distracted by the concern for her children's well-being and her
difficult pregnancy. There are doubtless many defendants who find elusive the "right frame of mind"
for a criminal proceeding in which they are being tried. A showing of incompetency, however,
requires more. The most that Faubion can highlight is a psychiatric evaluation that she underwent
in connection with a prior conviction and a hospital stay following her attempted suicide in 1984. The
testing, however, was done expressly for the purpose of determining whether she was under the
effects of a drug overdose when she committed that robbery. The suicide attempt occurred five years
before the offense in this case; its relevance is too temporarily attenuated to be meaningful. In sum,
her averments fail to demonstrate how her attorney's alleged failure to further investigate her
competency rises to the level of deficient performance.
3. Advice to Forego a Direct Appeal. Faubion charges that her counsel's assistance was
ineffective because he advised her not to take a direct appeal from her conviction and sentence.23 An
attorney's advice not appeal is subject to the same tests as other claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel.24 Faubion must show deficient performance and prejudice. She has demonstrated neither.
The attorney's role in this context is to provide information on how to appeal and the
opportunity to do so; the client's role is to make the final decision as to take or not to take the
appeal. The Constitution requires that "the client be advised not only of his right to appeal, but also
of the procedure and time limits involved and of his right to appointed counsel on appeal."25 Still, the
ultimate decision was Faubion's; the attorney has no right or duty to take an appeal until the client
expresses to counsel his desire to do so.26 Nothing in the record indicates that Faubion was not at
23Faubion also alleges different shades of this claim. For instance, she presses her attorney's
alleged failure to discuss the possibility of taking an appeal with her and, similarly, that she was
denied a direct appeal through her attorney's deficient performance. She did not present these
other angles to the district court though, obviating our need to address them here. See United
States v. Colon-Padilla, 770 F.2d 1328, 1334 n. 6 (5th Cir.1985).
24See Qualls v. United States, 774 F.2d 850, 851-52 (7th Cir.1985).
25Id.
26Childs v. Collins, 995 F.2d 67, 69 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 613, 126
L.Ed.2d 577 (1993).

all times aware of her right to appeal. That her attorney perceived no adequate grounds upon which
to base an appeal does not translate into ineffective assistance of counsel.
Faubion points to her attorney's failure to appeal the sentencing judge's upward departure as
evidence of his deficient performance. The judge, she asserts, made that departure without giving
the parties adequate notice. The law, however, clearly indicates that no legitimate basis on which to
appeal existed. The law at that time was that no reversible error exists where a defendant has the
opportunity to comment on a court's sua sponte departure, even if the court gave no prior notice.27
It is true that the United States Supreme Court subsequently rejected our approach to this
question. In Burns v. United States28, the Court held that
before a district court can depart upward on a ground not identified as a ground for upward
departure either in the presentence report or in a prehearing submission by the government,
Rule 32 requires that the district court give the parties reasonable notice that it is
contemplating such a ruling.
Nonetheless, even if her sentence had been reversed on the ground identified in Burns, Faubion has
not shown that the result of a proper resentencing would have been any different. Hence, she again
has failed to prove that she was prejudiced.
In addition, both Faubion and her attorney had ample opportunity to comment on the
depart ure. Her attorney presented several arguments which, although ultimately rejected by the
court, represented well Faubion's position on the question.29 Faubion similarly was presented with
an opportunity to challenge the departure.30 Her counsel cannot be faulted for foregoing an appeal
on this basis.
27See United States v. George, 911 F.2d 1028, 1029-30 (5th Cir.1990); United States v.
Avila-Iscoa, 888 F.2d 1049, 1050 (5th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 908, 110 S.Ct. 2593,
110 L.Ed.2d 273 (1990).
28501 U.S. 129, ---, 111 S.Ct. 2182, 2186-87, 115 L.Ed.2d 123, 133 (1991).
29Faubion's counsel indicated that Faubion would receive a severe sentence without the
departure. He then wisely compared the circumstances of this case to criminals who had
committed several crimes of greater magnitude and, yet, not received the upward departure.
30She elected instead to thank the court for giving her the "benefit of the doubt" and for not
making her a career offender. She added, "And if your feel like there needs to be an upward
departure, then I respect your decision."

4. Final Word. In sum, we hold that counsel's assistance in this case was not ineffective.31
We recognize the tendency, when all else fails, to blame the lawyer. Wit h that in mind, it bears
repeating: "Representation is an art, and an act or omission that is unprofessional in one case may
be sound or even brilliant in another."32 As we have indicated in the past, the acuity of hindsight is
not our proper lens. We will not subject attorneys to unrealistic standards. On the whole, defense
attorneys serve their clients's interests well. In the case at hand, the advice to go to trial and the
recommendation to forego an appeal are apt examples. These decisions were sound.
B. The Upward Departure.
The second point to which Faubion assigns error concerns the sentencing judge's upward
departure. She urges that the adjustment was improper in this case and, further, that the judge failed
to articulate properly his reasons for departing from the guidelines. Faubion, however, has the law
and the facts wrong.
As to the law, the petitioner apparently has overlooked the rule in this Circuit that an attack
on the district court's upward departure is not cognizable in a § 2255 action. Under 28 U.S.C. §
2255, a petitioner may move the court to vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence on the basis that
the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, or that
the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that the sentence was in excess
of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack....33
31We will not reach Faubion's contentions that her attorney's assistance was deficient and
prejudicial on the basis of his failure to appeal the obstruction enhancement, his failure to warn
her of the possibility that she would be classified as a career offender, his failure to move for a
downward departure, and his failure to file a memorandum concerning potentially mitigating
factors. Faubion failed to present these claims to the district court and, therefore, waived her
right to do so here. See Colon-Padilla, 770 F.2d at 1334 n. 6; King v. United States, 565 F.2d
356, 358 (5th Cir.1978) (per curiam) ("Newly presented issues which were not part of the District
Court proceedings will not be considered on appeal."); Elrod v. United States, 503 F.2d 959, 960
(5th Cir.1974) (per curiam) ("In his briefs filed in this Court, pro se and through counsel,
[appellant] ... has alleged several other grounds for § 2255 relief. Since they have not been
presented to the district court, we will not adjudicate their merits on this appeal."); 3 Wright,
Federal Practice and Procedure: Criminal s 601, at 514 (1982) ("Issues not raised in the trial
court cannot be considered on appeal."). Moreover, in the light of our holding that counsel's
performance did not prejudice Faubion, no injustice results from foreclosing her ability to pursue
these additional challenges.
32Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693, 104 S.Ct. at 2067, 80 L.Ed.2d at 697.
3328 U.S.C. § 2255.

Her claim poses no constitutional, statutory, or jurisdictional claim, nor does she assert that it was
in excess of the guideline maximum. Faubion's claim that the district judge erred in making an
upward departure could only be considered, then, within the category "otherwise subject to collateral
attack". This phrase, however, must be read in the context of a § 2255 action. Relief under § 2255
is reserved for (1) errors of constitutional dimension and (2) other injuries that could not have been
raised on direct appeal and, if left unaddressed, would result in a miscarriage of justice.34
A challenge to an upward departure is outside these parameters. We expressly held in United
States v. Vaughn that a challenge to a sentencing judge's technical application of the sentencing
guidelines may not be raised in a § 2255 proceeding.35 We reasoned that such questions are capable
of being raised on direct appeal and, further, do not implicate any constitutional issues.36 The district
court's conclusion on this point was correct: Faubion could have raised this issue on direct appeal.
We may not entertain it here.37
As to the facts, the petitioner is similarly mistaken. In contrast to her assertion, the district
court did give valid reasons for its departure. The court based its departure on Faubion's extensive
criminal history and the serious nature of the offense. Specifically, the court stated:
[Y]ou have used guns in the past to commit robberies. You have had drug offenses in the
past. You've committed crimes while on parole, while on probation. This was a serious
offense. * * * Given the circumstances and facts of your conviction and your criminal
background, [an] upward departure is justified in your case.
34United States v. Vaughn, 955 F.2d 367, 368 (5th Cir.1992) (per curiam); United States v.
Weintraub, 871 F.2d 1257, 1266 (5th Cir.1989); United States v. Smith, 844 F.2d 203, 205-06
(5th Cir.1988).
35955 F.2d at 368.
36Id. Similarly, challenges to a sentencing court's factual findings on the basis of which the
court makes sentencing adjustments may not be raised in a § 2255 proceeding if they could have
been raised on direct appeal. See United States v. Perez, 952 F.2d 908, 909-10 (5th Cir.1992).
37We recognize the frustration the petitioner may feel as a result of the apparent circularity of
our decision. We have explained that Faubion should have raised this issue on direct appeal and,
yet, she complains that her counsel failed to take a direct appeal, thus foreclosing her ability to do
so. The resolution, unsatisfying to the petitioner though it may be, is that she had every right to
appeal in spite of her counsel's reticence to pursue that course. In fact, it is really not the
conundrum it may appear; she knew she could appeal, but had an attorney who frankly perceived
no basis on which to do so. In the light of the weakness of her challenges, this was not
unreasonable advice.

Although we are not reviewing this explanation, we have previously explained that these reasons are
valid.38
The record further reveals that the sentencing judge made the upward adjustment as
compensation for Faubion's near career offender status.
I will tell you at this time, [Ms. Faubion], that since this was a very close issue as far as the
court was concerned, that the court is considering as upward departure, because of the prior
convictions, ... because they came so close to being a career criminal.
The sentencing judge had an adequate basis for departing upward and, accordingly, did not err on this
point.
III.
The district court's judgment denying the defendant's motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is
AFFIRMED.

38See United States v. Lambert, 963 F.2d 711, 714 (5th Cir.1992), aff'd 984 F.2d 658 (5th
Cir.1993) (en banc); United States v. Carpenter, 963 F.2d 736, 744 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ---
U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 355, 121 L.Ed.2d 269 (1992).