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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 94-41151

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff, Appellee
versus
MICHAEL R. SIEBE,
Defendant, Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas

(June 30, 1995)
Before HIGGINBOTHAM and PARKER, Circuit Judges, and TRIMBLE*, District Judge.
TRIMBLE, District Judge.
Appellant Siebe pleaded guilty to possession of cocaine with the intent to distribute and
money laundering. He was sentenced to a term of 480 months imprisonment for the cocaine
possession and to a concurrent 240 month term for money laundering, followed by a five-year
term of supervised release. Two issues are raised on appeal. These issues concern the
assignment of two points for possession of a firearm during the commission of a drug trafficking
offense and the court's refusal to assign a two point reduction for acceptance of responsibility.

* District Judge of the Western District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.
Enhancement for Firearm Possession
Appellant first asserts that the district court erred in enhancing his sentence for possession of
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a firearm during the commission of a drug trafficking crime pursuant to U.S.S.G. §1.1(b)(1)
predicated solely upon the presumption that he possessed a firearm because he was a police officer.
This presumption was based upon the fact that Siebe, as a police officer, was assigned a firearm. The
district court's decision on this issue is reviewed for clear error. United States v. Devine, 934 F.2d
1325, 1339, 33 Fed.R.Evid.Serv. 981(5th Cir.(Tex.)Jun 20, 1991)(No.90-8156), cert. denied, 502
U.S. 1065, 112 S.Ct. 954, 117 L.Ed.2d 121 (U.S. Tex., Jan.21, 1992)(No. 91-6564).
§2D1.1(b)(1) of the U.S.S.G. states that a district court may increase a defendant's offense
level by two points if the defendant possessed a dangerous weapon during the commission of a drug
offense. The Government must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant
possessed such a weapon during the commission of the drug offense. United States v. Aquilera-
Zapata, 942 F.2d 1209, 1215 (5th Cir. 1990).
To meet this burden, generally the Government must prove that the weapon was found in the
same location as the drug or the weapon was a part of the drug transaction. See United States v.
Hooten, 942 F.2d 878, 881 (5th Cir.(Tex.) Sep. 10, 1991)(No. 90-8566)(remanded for determination
of whether such evidence linking weapon, drugs and defendant existed); United States v. McKeever,
906 F.2d 129, 134 (5th Cir.(Tex.) Jul 03, 1990)(No. 88-1985)(possession found because house where
gun was found contained materials for processing amphetamine and thus became part of the situs of
the offense); United States v. Vasquez, 874 F.2d 250, 251 (5th Cir.(Tex.) May 19, 1989)(No. 88-
2775)(no possession shown where evidence failed to show
sufficient connection between gun owned by defendant and stored in his home and possession of
drugs several miles away when defendant was not convicted of conspiracy).
The district court in the case at bar based its decision upon a presumption that Siebe was an
armed police officer. This is a case of first impression. This court has not addressed the question of
whether a presumption based upon the fact that a defendant is a police officer can be used for an
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enhancement under the Guidelines. In the case at bar there is no evidence absent such a presumption
that Siebe possessed a firearm during the commission of the offense. Although the FBI found ninety
guns in Siebe's residence, they found no drugs or drug paraphernalia in the residence. There was no
evidence of Siebe's drug trafficking activities1.
Based upon the lack of evidence in this case, the
court finds that the Government did not satisfy its burden of proof and this matter will be
REMANDED to the district court for resentencing based upon a guideline range which has been
adjusted to delete the two point enhancement for possession of a firearm.
Acceptance of responsibility
The defendant also objects to the fact that he was not given credit for acceptance of
responsibility. As observed in United States v. Cartwright, 6 F.3d 294, 304 (5th Cir.(Tex.) Oct 25,
1993)(No. 92-2637), cert. denied, -U.S.-, 115 S.Ct. 671, 130 L.Ed. 2d 604, 63 USLW 3460 (U.S.,
Dec 12, 1994)(No.94-5410), this court has applied various standards to reviewing
a district court's refusal to credit acceptance of responsibility: clearly erroneous, without foundation,
and great deference. It was noted, however, that "[t]here appears to be no practical difference
between the three standards." Id. Regardless of the formulation, the sentencing guidelines indicate
that [t]he sentencing judge is in a unique position to evaluate a defendant's acceptance of
responsibility." U.S.S.G. §3E1.1 (commentary). See also United States v. Lister, 53 F.3d. 66 (5th
Cir.(Tex.) May 05, 1995)(No. 94-40549).
The facts, as stated in the PSR and specifically adopted by the court, demonstrate that the
defendant did not accept responsibility. The fact that a defendant may exercise his right to a trial by
jury is not a reason for denying the two points, but the fact that a defendant has never admitted to
1 The only evidence of the drug trafficking activities was
Siebe's own statement, which pursuant to the plea agreement could
not be used against him.
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violating the law is sufficient reason.
The guidelines allow a decrease of two points "[i]f the defendant clearly demonstrates a
recognition and affirmative acceptance of personal responsibility for his criminal conduct." U.S.S.G.
§3E1.1(a). This reduction may be given whether the defendant pleads guilty or is found guilty at trial.
Allowing or disallowing this reduction is within the trial court's discretion.
The district court based its determination upon Siebe's illegal conduct while on pretrial release
in threatening his probation officer, possessing a firearm, and refusing to surrender to authorities on
demand. The district court also noted that Siebe was aware of the FBI investigation for nine months
before he came forward and admitted his responsibility for the theft of cocaine.
The district court's determination that Siebe had not accepted responsibility was not clearly
erroneous. This portion of the district court's decision is AFFIRMED.
Because we find the enhancement for firearm possession to be inappropriate, the sentence is
VACATED and this case is remanded to the district court for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

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