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Revised September 28, 2000
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FIFTH CIRCUIT
____________
No. 99-41027
____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee
versus
VERONICA REYES, FRANCISCO REYES
Defendants-Appellants.
_______________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Southern District of Texas
_______________________________________________________
September 11, 2000
Before DUHи, EMILIO M. GARZA, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:
Francisco and Veronica Reyes were convicted following a jury trial on one count of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. її 846, 841(a)(1)
and 841(b)(1)(D), and one count of possession with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of 21
U.S.C. її 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(D) and 18 U.S.C. ї 2. The Reyeses now appeal their convictions
principally on the basis that the district court improperly questioned witnesses in a fashion that so

favored the prosecution as to deprive the Reyeses of a fair trial. For the reasons set forth below, we
affirm the convictions.
Francisco and Veronica Reyes (brother and sister) were convicted following a series of events
that began at a United States Border Patrol Checkpoint south of Hebbronville, Texas. The Reyeses'
car, a Mercury, was sent to a secondary inspection area after an agent's dog alerted to the presence
of narcotics. Border Patrol Agent Garza ascertained the identity of the Reyeses and inquired as to
their destination (north to San Antonio) and, when a search of the car produced no narcotics, allowed
the Reyeses to proceed north.
Nearly simultaneously, a local rancher informed Border Patrol that a suspicious-looking
pickup truck had been traveling through the Green Hill Cemetery area))an area of local repute for
evading the checkpoints. Checks on the information provided by the rancher showed that the truck
belonged to Francisco Reyes. Other agents from the Border Patrol departed to seek out the truck,
relaying this information via radio communication to all local agents. Agent Garza, now traveling in
his vehicle away from the checkpoint into Hebbronville, heard this communication, and again nearly
simultaneously, noticed the Mercury on the road. Recalling the name Francisco Reyes from the just-
completed inspection of the car, Agent Garza became suspicious and attempted to follow the
Reyeses, but lost them in traffic. When a second radio communication announced that agents had
found the pickup truck and seized 67 pounds of marijuana, Agent Garza requested assistance in
locating the Mercury. Agent Garza himself then spotted the car, which was now traveling slowly
west down the highway. He waited to see whether the car would reach a later checkpoint down that
highway; it did not. Another agent eventually located the car traveling south away from San Antonio.
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The Mercury ultimately proved to be registered to the driver of the pickup truck))and the
common law husband of Veronica Reyes))Rolando Rodriguez. A search of the Mercury produced
a receipt for two-way family radios purchased three days before the incident and a cellular phone
registered in the name of Veronica Reyes. A further search of the truck produced an instruction book
for the radios, a cellular phone registered in the name of Roxanne Reyes (Veronica's sister), and one
of the two-way radios. The apparent companion two-way radio was found on the side of the road
near where the Mercury was stopped. Although the timing of the calls was disputed at trial,
testimony and phone company records indicated that several calls were made from the phone in the
Mercury to the phone in the truck in the two hours before the arrests.
Rolando Rodriguez pleaded guilty to possession of marijuana. Francisco and Veronica Reyes
were convicted in a jury trial.
Because the Reyeses' trial counsel did not object contemporaneously to the district court's
questions to the witnesses, we now review the district court's interrogations for plain error. See
United States v. Saenz, 134 F.3d 697, 701 (5th Cir. 1998). "Plain error occurs when the error is so
obvious and substantial that failure to notice and correct it would affect the fairness, integrity, or
public reputation of judicial proceedings and would result in manifest injustice." United States v.
Mizell, 88 F.3d 288, 297 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1046, 117 S.Ct. 620, 136 L.Ed.2d 543
(1996) .
It is within the prerogative of a federal judge to manage the pace of a trial, to comment on
the evidence, and even to "question witnesses and elicit facts not yet adduced or clarify those
previously presented." United States v. Williams, 809 F.2d 1072, 1087 (5th Cir. 1987) (quoting
Moore v. United States, 598 F.2d 439, 442 (5th Cir. 1979)); see also Fed.R.Evid. 614(b) ("The court
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may interrogate witnesses, whether called by itself or by a party."). The primary limitation on this
judicial investigatory power is that it must be undertaken for the purpose of benefitting the jury in its
understanding of the evidence, and the court may not appear to be partial. See Saenz, 134 F.3d at
702. A determination on the appearance of partiality is made by reviewing the record in its entirety.
See United States v. Cantu, 167 F.3d 198, 202 (5th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Lopez Cantu v.
United States, 120 S.Ct. 58, 145 L.Ed.2d 50 (1999). Specifically, "[t]o rise to the level of a
constitutional error, the district judge's actions, viewed as a whole, must amount to an intervention
that could have led the jury to a predisposition of guilt by improperly confusing the functions of judge
and prosecutor." United States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539, 1569 (5th Cir. 1994).
To facilitate this determination, we have in t he past looked to certain factors to assess the
propriety of the judicial interro gation. In a "complex or lengthy case with multiple witnesses," or
where there is a "need to expedite testimony on certain issues or by certain witnesses," judicial
intervention is most appropriate. Saenz, 134 F.3d at 703-04. On the other end of the spectrum, as
in United States v. Saenz, judicial interrogation is least appropriate where the questioning centers on
the credibility of crucial witnesses and there is little other evidence to support conviction. See Saenz,
134 F.3d at 713; see also Cantu, 167 F.3d at 203 (emphasizing the uniqueness of the Saenz case).
The instant case contains none of these factors. The Reyeses were convicted following a one
day trial, in which seven witnesses for the government testified, and there were no defense witnesses.
The issues presented in the trial were neither complex, nor did they implicate decisions on credibility.
Instead, the case against the Reyeses consisted entirely of circumstantial evidence. The Government
put forth a theory that the numerous pieces of evidence illustrated that the Mercury was acting as
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a "scout" vehicle for the "load" truck containing the marijuana.1 The defense, on the other hand,
argued that the cars were linked because of the close family ties between the occupants, but that the
marijuana belonged to Rodriguez alone, and the Reyeses were on a trip north to deliver a birthday
present to Francisco's daughter, doubling back south only because they forgot the gift.
During the trial, the court interjected itself into the questioning of six of the seven witnesses.
Often the questioning was lengthy and involved the details of several key pieces of evidence: the
walkie-talkies, the cellular phone calls, the alert by Agent Garza's dog, the testing of marijuana
samples, and the radio communication of the rancher's identification of the pickup truck. A
substantial portion of the interrogation can only be described as proper clarification))including how
the identity of a caller on a cellular phone is established, and the directions each car was driving at
any given moment. Other instances of questioning were collateral to the issues presented in the
case))including the procedure for testing drug samples and who had control over the seized
evidence,2 and how the Border Patrol radio communication system works.3 Finally, a number of the
questioning episodes also presumably favored the defense))including inquiries to two witnesses that
highlighted discrepancies in the cellular phone records of incoming and outgoing calls.
The difficulty arises, however, with two particular instances of questioning. The first episode
1A "scout" vehicle, as described at trial testimony in this case, is one which precedes a "load"
vehicle in transit through checkpoints. Load vehicles carry the principal shipment of narcotics,
whereas scout vehicles either serve as decoys by distracting border agents with a smaller amount of
narcotics, or as lookouts by informing the load vehicles when agents are nearby.
2There was no allegation of evidence tampering in this case, and all parties conceded that
marijuana was found in the pickup.
3There was no challenge to the assertion that Agent Garza was alerted to the possibility that
the Reyeses may have been implicated via radio communication.
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was an interrogation of Agent Garza, in which the district court brought out first that the dog had
alerted to the Mercury, and then, more specifically, that dogs may sometimes alert when drugs have
once been in the vehicle but no longer are. The second episode was a series of questions put to
another agent attempting to link the walkie-talkies found to the receipt in the car and to each other.4
Such questioning goes beyond mere clarification and into the realm advancing a theory of the case
compatible with that of the prosecution))specifically, that the Mercury was a scout car, and that the
walkie-t alkies were used in each of the vehicles to communicate with each other. It is of course
possible that the Government would have brought out each of these points on its own, but the court's
questions had the effect of emphasizing for the jury that the court thought it incredulous both that the
dog had alerted falsely and that the walkie-talkie found at the roadside did not belong to the Reyeses.
See Saenz, 134 F.3d at 706-707 ("The court's questions did not elicit information that the prosecution
was likely to have missed. The mere fact that the trial court itself, not the prosecution elicited such
damaging information contributed to the perception that the court was helping the government.")
But our inquiry does not end with the propriety of particular questions asked. Even if the
implications from the district court's questions regarding the dog alert and the walkie-talkies
bolstered the government's theory of the case, we must still look to the cumulative effect of the
questioning based on an examination of the entire record. Here, even casting aside the reasons why
a dog may alert to a car that does not contain drugs and the possibility of a match between the
4For example,
THE COURT: The question then, wo uld be: Why would you buy two radios that
didn't have the same frequency?
THE WITNESS: That's correct, sir.
THE COURT: Thatґthat wouldn't make any sense, would it?
THE WITNESS: That wouldn't make any sense.
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walkie-talkies, the jury would still be left with the following pieces of evidence: (1) the relationship
of the occupants of the truck and the Mercury, (2) the load of marijuana in the truck, (3) the
Mercury's failure to reach its stated destination, (4) the presence of both vehicles in an area of repute
for drug trafficking, (5) the cellular phone calls between the Mercury and the truck, and (7) the
instruction book and receipt for the walkie-talkies. Such circumstantial evidence, all tending to point
to the "scout/load" scenario rather than the defense's birthday gift scenario, is itself adequate to
suppo rt the Reyeses' conviction. In addition, the district court was careful to issue a curative
instruction in his introduction of the case that cautioned the jury to disregard any perceived partiality.
See United States v. Wallace, 32 F.3d 921, 928 (5th Cir. 1994) (holding that a curative instruction
may overcome the resulting prejudice from improper commentary by a trial judge).
In sum, while recognizing that any implication by the court that it may favor one theory of the
case over another in a case based entirely on circumstantial evidence is potentially highly prejudicial,
we cannot say that in this case the prejudice was so pervasive as to deprive the defendants of their
constitutional rights.
The Reyeses also advance brief arguments that, first, the evidence against them is not
sufficient to support a conviction of conspiracy, and secondly that the second stop of the Mercury
was not supported by reasonable articulable suspicion. Both of these arguments are dispensed with
easily. A challenge to the sufficiency of evidence is reviewed "in the light most favorable to the jury
verdict. It is considered sufficient if a rational trier of fact could have found that the evidence
established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Martinez, 190 F.3d 673, 676 (5th Cir.
1999). In addition, we have repeatedly held that circumstantial evidence alone is adequate to support
a conviction of conspiracy. See, e.g., United States v. Soape, 169 F.3d 257, 264 (5th Cir.), cert.
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denied 527 U.S. 1011, 119 S.Ct. 2353, 144 L.Ed.2d 249 (1999). As discussed above, the evidence
in this case is such that a rational trier of fact could infer from the various pieces of circumstantial
evidence that the Reyeses intended to join the agreement to traffic marijuana.
The final issue is whether the district court improperly denied the Reyeses' motion to suppress
the evidence seized from the Mercury. We review a district court's findings of fact on a motion to
suppress for clear error only, and legal conclusions de novo. We view the evidence introduced at the
suppression hearing in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, here, the prosecution. See
United States v. Ceniceros, 204 F.3d 581, 584 (5th Cir. 2000). The district court held two hearings
on the Reyeses' motion to suppress, and made three separate fact findings which the Reyeses do not
now contest. We therefore hold that the district court did not err in finding that the agents had
reasonable suspicion to support a stop of the Mercury.
For the foregoing reasons, the convictions of Francisco and Veronica Reyes are
AFFIRMED.
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