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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_______________
m 99-50556
_______________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS
JOSÉ ANGEL MENDOZA,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
_________________________
August 29, 2000
Before JOLLY, SMITH, and BARKSDALE,
I.
Circuit Judges.
Border Patrol Agent Andrew Graham spot-
ted a Nissan Maxima traveling northbound on
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
Highway 118 approximately thirty-five miles
south of Alpine, Texas; about one mile behind
was a Ford Thunderbird with two occupants.
José Mendoza challenges the sufficiency of
Because the occupants of the Thunderbird ap-
the evidence supporting his convictions of
peared surprised when he passed, Graham
conspiracy to possess marihuana with intent to
turned around to follow the vehicle. The
distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and
Thunderbird braked and swerved to the side of
possession of marihuana with intent to distrib-
the road, then slowed its speed; the Maxima
ute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). We
continued northbound toward the Border Pa-
affirm.
trol checkpoint located about fifteen miles
south of Alpine.

Graham continued to follow the Thunder-
Graham believed that the Maxima and
bird, which pulled into a rest area approxi-
Thunderbird had been traveling as a "lead-
mately two miles south of the checkpoint,
car/load-car" team, the "lead car" being used
whereupon the driver and passenger exited and
to scout ahead of the "load car" carrying the
paced nervously around the front of the vehi-
contraband. Lopez and Agent Neal Thames
cle, then a minute or two later returned to their
agreed that the circumstances were suspicious.
car and continued traveling northbound. A
When Thames asked Mendoza and Salazar
small distance south of the checkpoint, Gra-
whether they knew the occupants of the Thun-
ham passed the Thunderbird to arrive at the
derbird, they responded in the negative.
checkpoint first.
Thames collected driver's licenses from
The Maxima reached the checkpoint before
Mendoza, Salazar, Gomez, and Martinez, and
Graham. Mendoza was driving, and his girl-
compared them. He noticed that Salazar and
friend, Hermila Salazar-Benavidez ("Salazar")
Martinez (the passengers) lived in the same
was in the passenger's seat. After advising
city and that Mendoza and Gomez (the driv-
Agent Frank Lopez that they were United
ers) lived in adjacent towns a few miles apart.
States citizens returning from Mexico, they
Graham found a receipt in the Thunderbird
were directed to a secondary inspection, at
signed by "Hermila Hernandez." After com-
which Mendoza consented to a canine search
paring the signature on the receipt with the
of the car.
one on Salazar's driver's license, Thames pre-
sented the receipt to Salazar, who admitted
The dog alerted to the trunk area. In the
that it was her receipt and her signature. The
trunk, Lopez found what he believed to be a
registration form taken from the Thunderbird
marihuana "twig," but a field test came back
established that the car was registered to Ser-
negative. Lopez testified that, based on his ex-
gio Salazar, whom Salazar identified as her ex-
perience and the dog's alerting aggressively on
husband.
the car, he was certain that the twig was mari-
huana residue but that the quantity was too
After first denying she knew Martinez, Sal-
small to yield a positive test result. Lopez
azar then "admitted" that she knew a relative
searched for a hidden compartment but found
of hers. The two men denied knowing each
none.
other or the other women. The agents none-
theless believed the two cars had acted in con-
When the Thunderbird reached the check-
junction and therefore placed Mendoza and
point, Graham asked the occupants about their
Salazar under arrest.
immigration status. The male driver, Ambro-
cio Gomez, appeared nervous, and the female
After they were advised of their rights,
passenger, Modesta Martinez, avoided eye
Mendoza, Salazar, Gomez, and Martinez told
contact. When asked whether he had been
conflicting stories. Gomez told an agent that
traveling with the Maxima, Gomez responded
he and his girlfriend, Martinez, had traveled
in the negative. A canine search of the Thun-
from Plainview, Texas, in the Thunderbird and
derbird uncovered several hidden bundles of
had dropped off a friend in Lajitas, Texas,
marihuana totaling 119.34 pounds, and Gomez
where they had stayed for several hours. Go-
and Martinez were arrested.
mez could not, however, provide the name or
2

a description of the friend he had dropped off.
that she informed El Compadre that the vehicle
Gomez admitted that he knew Mendoza, as
was for sale when Salazar was selling the
they worked at the same meat-packing plant.
Thunderbird. According to Martinez, none of
her companions knew about the drugs in the
Mendoza told agents that he had no knowl-
car, and Mendoza was not scouting ahead to
edge of the marihuana in the Thunderbird but
warn of law enforcement. Gomez also testi-
admitted that he knew Gomez and Martinez
fied, stating that the four traveled to Mexico in
through his girlfriend Salazar. He stated that
the Maxima, that Martinez had obtained the
he and Salazar had gone to Ojinaga, Mexico,
Thunderbird, and that it was merely coinci-
to drop off his brother. According to Mendo-
dence that Mendoza and Salazar drove ahead
za, after they did so, he and Salazar spent the
of them to the checkpoint.
night in Ojinaga, then went to Lajitas to visit a
friend. Mendoza could not, however, identify
II.
where this friend lived. In Lajitas, they ran in-
A.
to Gomez and Martinez at a gas station, and
Mendoza argues that the evidence is insuffi-
all proceeded to return to Plainview.
cient to support his conspiracy conviction. Al-
though he admits he was not truthful regarding
Salazar told agents that she and Mendoza
his relationship with Gomez and Martinez,
traveled to Ojinaga to drop off a friend of
Mendoza argues that there is no evidence of a
Mendoza's (as opposed to Mendoza's account
lead-car/load-car arrangement and no other
in which they dropped off his brother). She
evidence connecting him with the drugs.
first denied knowing Gomez and Martinez be-
yond having seen them before, but later admit-
Mendoza made motions for judgment of ac-
ted that she was Martinez's aunt. Salazar told
quittal at the close of the government's case
agents that she had previously sold the Thun-
and at the close of all of the evidence, so the
derbird to an unknown person. Despite these
standard of review in assessing his sufficiency
statements, Gomez, Martinez, and Salazar
challenge is whether, considering all the evi-
gave the same home address.
dence in the light most favorable to the ver-
dict, a reasonable trier of fact could have
Mendoza, Salazar, and Gomez were tried
found that the evidence established guilt be-
together. Martinez testified for the defense
yond a reasonable doubt. See United States v.
but gave a very different account from those
Gonzales, 79 F.3d 413, 423 (5th Cir. 1996);
offered at the time of arrest. She testified that
United States v. Bell, 678 F.2d 547, 549 (5th
she traveled to Mexico in the Maxima with
Cir. Unit B 1982) (en banc), aff'd, 462 U.S.
Gomez, Salazar, and Mendoza. According to
356 (1983). "Direct and circumstantial evi-
Martinez, she alone picked up the Thunderbird
dence are given equal weight, and the evidence
with its load of marihuana from a man named
need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis
"El Compadre" while Gomez, Salazar, and
of innocence." Gonzales, 79 F.3d at 423.
Mendoza were out shopping and eating. El
Compadre was to pay her $100 per pound to
"To establish a drug conspiracy under
transport the marihuana. As to how El Com-
§ 846, the government must prove beyond a
padre happened to possess a vehicle registered
reasonable doubt (1) an agreement between
to Salazar's ex-husband, Martinez testified
two or more persons to violate the narcotics
3

laws, (2) that each alleged conspirator knew of
The officer followed the now erratically-
the conspiracy and intended to join it, and
driven Mercury for a distance, during which
(3) that each alleged conspirator did partici-
time the MG varied its speed to maintain a
pate voluntarily in the conspiracy." United
constant distance between it and the Mercury.
States v. Inocencio, 40 F.3d 716, 725 (5th Cir.
See id. When the officer stopped the Mercury,
1994). The elements of the conspiracy may be
the MG accelerated out of sight. See id. The
established by circumstantial evidence and
Mercury's trunk contained eighty-four pounds
"may be inferred from the development and
of marihuana. See id.
collocation of circumstances." Gonzales, 79
F.3d at 423 (internal quotation marks omit-
We found the evidence sufficient to support
ted). The government must, however, "do
Barnard's conspiracy conviction, considering
more than pile inference upon inference upon
the evidence of concerted action already dis-
which to base a conspiracy charge." United
cussed and the following additional evidence:
States v. Williams-Hendricks, 805 F.2d 496,
(1) Barnard's passenger in the MG was the
502 (5th Cir. 1986) (internal quotation marks
son of the owner of the Mercury; (2) that pas-
omitted). Likewise, "the government may not
senger's wallet was found in the glove com-
prove up a conspiracy merely by presenting
partment of the Mercury, including his driver's
evidence placing the defendant in a climate of
license and business card; (3) a shaving kit
activity that reeks of something foul." United
with the inscription "C. E. Barnard" was found
States v. Maltos, 985 F.2d 743, 746 (5th Cir.
in the front seat of the Mercury; and (4) hang-
1992) (internal quotation marks omitted).
ing in the back seat of the Mercury was a
sweater with a laundry tag marked "E. Bar-
We have previously considered sufficiency
nard." See id. at 393.
challenges in lead-car/load-car scenarios. In
United States v. Barnard, 553 F.2d 389 (5th
Mendoza stresses that, unlike in Barnard,
Cir. 1977), we upheld conspiracy and posses-
there is no evidence of concerted driving re-
sion convictions of Barnard, the lead-car driv-
sponses between Mendoza and the Thunder-
er. A Border Patrol officer was passed by two
bird, except that Mendoza's vehicle was, at
vehicles proceeding northbound approximately
one point in time, approximately one mile
one mile apart. The lead vehicle was an MG
ahead of the Thunderbird. Rather than con-
sports car with two occupants that had a
forming to the erratic behavior of the Thunder-
citizen's band (CB) radio antenna, the driver of
bird, Mendoza continued driving toward the
which appeared to be talking into a micro-
checkpoint. Also unlike the situation in Bar-
phone as the MG passed. See id. at 391. The
nard, in which the vehicles were equipped with
second vehicle was a white Mercury that also
and in which Barnard was seen using, compati-
carried a CB antenna. See id. The two vehi-
ble communications devices, no communica-
cles had the same three-letter prefix on their
tions device was found in the Maxima or
license plates, indicating that both automobiles
Thunderbird or on the person of Mendoza or
were registered in the same county. See id.
any of his co-defendants.
The driver of the Mercury appeared nervous,
looking repeatedly at the officer, and the rear
As in Barnard, however, there is a connec-
end of his car appeared to be riding low. See
tion between Mendoza's passenger and the
id.
load car. In Barnard, the load car belonged to
4

the passenger's father, and the passenger's
ness when questioned about the two-way ra-
wallet was found in the load car. In the case
dio; papers in the lead car containing business
sub judice, the load car was registered to the
and pager numbers for the driver of the load
passenger's ex-husband, and a receipt signed
car; a photograph in the lead car picturing the
by the passenger was found in the load car.
driver of the lead and load cars together; and
Although there were no personal items con-
evidence of cell phone calls between the driver
necting the driver, Mendoza, to the load car,
of the lead car and the pivotal figure of the
there was testimony that Mendoza, Salazar,
conspiracy. See id. at 720-21, 726.
Gomez, and Martinez had traveled to Mexico
together and that Mendoza gave materially
Mendoza is correct that Villarreal and Ino-
false statements to officers regarding his recent
cencio contained more evidence of a lead-
actions and his associations with Gomez and
car/load-car scenario than does the case sub
Martinez.
judice, most notably because the Maxima and
Thunderbird did not contain electronic means
In United States v. Villarreal, 565 F.2d 932
of communication. Such communication is
(5th Cir. 1978), we again affirmed the conspir-
not, however, essential to facilitate a lead-
acy conviction of a lead-car driver. The evi-
car/load-car transport. Absent communication
dence demonstrated that the lead and load cars
devices, the lead car could travel first to the
had traveled together from the border for over
checkpoint, and either turn around (or not turn
an hour; both vehicles were equipped with CB
around, depending on the agreement) if the
radios; when the lead car approached the
checkpoint is active, thus warning-off the load
checkpoint, the passenger ducked beneath the
car. Here, the load car may have felt com-
dashboard in a manner that suggested that he
pelled to continue toward the checkpoint
was making a furtive call to the load car; the
because Graham followed it to the rest area
load car made a U-turn and turned into a rest
and waited for it to continue.
stop; the load car had been lent to the passen-
ger of the lead car; and both occupants of the
Moreover, to affirm a conviction we need
lead car left footprints at the site where the
not find evidence so overwhelming that it
marihuana had been delivered and loaded into
matches that contained in all our precedent.
the load car. See id. at 934-35, 938.
Instead, we need only conclude that, viewed in
the light most favorable to the government, the
In United States v. Inocencio, 40 F.3d 716
evidence is sufficient to allow a reasonable tri-
(5th Cir. 1994), we upheld conspiracy and
er of fact to find guilt beyond a reasonable
possession convictions in a lead-car/load-car
doubt. The government proved a link between
scenario. The following evidence supported
the two vehicles through Salazar's receipt and
the existence of a conspiracy: coconspirator
the registration of the Thunderbird to Salazar's
testimony linking the drivers of the lead and
ex-husband. Martinez and Gomez testified
load cars to the pivotal figure of the conspir-
that all four defendants traveled to Mexico in
acy; two-way radios in the lead and load cars
the Maxima.
programmed to the same frequency; agent tes-
timony that the lead car circled not far from
Mendoza admits these connections between
the checkpoint, as if waiting for the load car;
the two vehicles but denies they were function-
the lead car driver's nervousness and evasive-
ing as a lead-car and load-car. Given his ma-
5

terially false statements to the police, however,
change of drivers. The jury could rationally
and given the connections between the Max-
conclude that [defendant] knowingly pos-
ima and Thunderbird, a reasonable juror could
sessed the cocaine . . . ." Id.
conclude that Mendoza had knowledge of the
marihuana and that the cars were indeed en-
Here, to the same effect, the jury could in-
gaged in a lead-car/load-car transport.
fer that Mendoza constructively but knowingly
possessed the marihuana because of his obvi-
B.
ous involvement in the conspiracy and the con-
To prove possession with intent to distrib-
flicting stories he gave. All this is sufficient to
ute under § 841(a)(1), the government must
establish the requisite guilty knowledge.
establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, knowing
possession of contraband with intent to distrib-
AFFIRMED.
ute. See id. at 724. Possession may be actual
or constructive. See id. In a hidden-compart-
ment case such as this, "[p]ossession of or
control over a vehicle does not, standing
alone, suffice to prove guilty knowledge."
United States v. Anchondo-Sandoval, 910
F.2d 1234, 1236 (5th Cir. 1990). Nervous-
ness, conflicting statements, and implausible
stories can be sufficient to demonstrate guilty
knowledge, however. See Inocencio, 40 F.3d
at 725.
The government concedes that Mendoza
did not actually possess the marihuana but ar-
gues that he constructively possessed it as
driver of the lead car in a lead-car/load-car
scheme. Indeed, in United States v. Quiroz-
Hernandez, 48 F.3d 858, 868 (5th Cir. 1995),
we held that "[c]o-conspirators may also be li-
able for the substantive offenses committed by
other members of the conspiracy in furtherance
of the common plan" (quoting United States v.
Lopez, 979 F.2d 1024, 1031 (5th Cir. 1992)).
"Therefore, a defendant can be liable for a pos-
session conviction on the basis of both his con-
structive possession over the contraband and
his status as a co-conspirator." Id. (citing Lo-
pez, 979 F.2d at 1031). "[T]he jury could in-
fer [the defendant's] joint control over the
contraband from his presence at the scene and
all the events leading to the . . . van's ex-
6