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                            SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                            APPELLATE DIVISION
                            A-0025-02T4

NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF YOUTH
AND FAMILY SERVICES,

        Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

A.R.G.,

        Defendant-Appellant,

IN THE MATTER OF:

C.R.G., R.L.G. and A.J.G.,

        Minors.

        Argued: January 23, 2003 - Decided: June 5, 2003

        Before Judges Kestin, Eichen and Fall.

        On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
        Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
        Docket No. FN-09-350-02.

        Aglaia Papadopoulos-Vlantes argued the cause for
        appellant (Papadopoulos-Vlantes & Moehring,
        attorneys; Ms. Papadopoulos-Vlantes, on the brief).

        Pamela A. Redd, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
        cause for respondent (David Samson, Attorney General,
        attorney; Andrea M. Silkowitz, Assistant Attorney
        General, of counsel; Ms. Redd, on the brief).

        Maria Emilia Borges, Assistant Deputy Public
        Defender and Law Guardian argued the cause for the
        minors (Yvonne Smith Segars, Public Defender,
        attorney; Ms. Borges, on the brief).

FALL, J.A.D.

    In this child abuse and neglect appeal, we consider whether the proofs presented to the Family Part support the court's finding that "[t]he parent has subjected [his] child to aggravated circumstances of abuse, neglect, cruelty or abandonment[,]" pursuant to N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3(a), thereby excusing the New Jersey Division of Youth and Family Services (DYFS or Division) from its statutory obligation under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.1(b) to exert "reasonable efforts" to reunify the child, placed in its care and custody by the court, with that parent.
    A.R.G. is the father of C.R.G., a male child born on January 2, 1987; R.L.G., a male child born on October 5, 1992; and A.J.G., a male child born on May 16, 1994. M.A.G., the children's mother, died in an automobile accident that occurred on November 7, 1998 in Florida. A.R.G. and M.A.G. had been living in Virginia. However, they separated in 1997. M.A.G. filed a complaint for divorce in the Circuit Court in Virginia and an order granting her custody of the three children was entered on March 25, 1997. The complaint alleged that A.R.G. had subjected M.A.G. to mental cruelty; threatening and emotional abuse; stalking; harassment; marital rape; physical restraint; and destruction of her property. M.A.G. obtained a domestic violence order of protection against A.R.G. on August 4, 1997. During the pendency of the divorce case, M.A.G. obtained permission from the court to move, with the children, to Florida to reside with her parents. After M.A.G.'s fatal accident, the children went to reside with A.R.G., who moved with them to New Jersey to reside in the home of his mother, N.G.    
    A.R.G. appeals from an order entered on July 17, 2002, denying his motion for reconsideration of an order that had been entered on June 26, 2002, finding that A.R.G's behavior toward the children constituted aggravated circumstances of abuse, neglect and cruelty that excused DYFS from the statutory requirement to exert reasonable efforts to reunify A.R.G. with his children. A.R.G. also appeals from a "permanency order," also entered on July 17, 2002, approving the permanency plan of DYFS to terminate A.R.G.'s parental rights, with adoption of the children by the maternal grandparents, and requiring DYFS to file a guardianship action against A.R.G. by September 18, 2002.
    The following factual and procedural history gave rise to this appeal. On May 28, 2002, DYFS received a referral from Ms. Carola, the school nurse at the Hudson Elementary School, 18th Street, Union City, the school attended by R.L.G. and A.J.G., advising that she had observed numerous bruises on the arms, back, buttocks and legs of R.L.G. that had been attributed by the child to a beating by A.R.G. The school had received an anonymous call stating that R.J.G. had been physically abused. It was later determined that C.G.F., A.R.G.'s sister, had reported the abuse to the school after C.R.G. had informed her that A.R.G. had been beating R.L.G.

[w]hile in the care and custody of their father, the children were abused and/or neglected in that their father has failed to exercise a minimum degree of care in providing the children with proper supervision or guardianship or by unreasonably inflicting or allowing to be inflicted harm or substantial risk thereof, including infliction of excessive corporal punishment or by any other acts of a similarly serious nature requiring the aid of the court resulting in such children's physical, mental or emotional condition becoming impaired or in imminent danger of becoming impaired.

The complaint also alleged that there was an extensive history of protective service agency involvement in several other states, and that DYFS had requested records from those states. DYFS sought an order granting it custody of the three children "and/or such relief as is provided by law, specifically N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 et seq. and N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12, and such other relief as may be warranted."
    As a result of the application by DYFS, the trial court entered two orders on May 29, 2002. One order approved and authorized the emergency removal that had been effected by DYFS; placed continued custody of the children with DYFS; prohibited A.R.G. from having any contact with the children; and directed that the matter return to court on June 26, 2002. An order to show cause was also entered on May 29, 2002, directing A.R.G. to show cause on June 26, 2002, why an order should not be entered continuing custody, care and supervision of the children with the Division. The order to show cause also provided for representation of the children by the Office of the Law Guardian, and stated that if A.R.G. was unable to afford counsel he could make application for representation to the Public Defender's Office.     
    Meanwhile, criminal charges were filed against A.R.G. and he was incarcerated; bail was set at $50,000. A Law Division order entered on May 29, 2002 in the criminal matter prohibited A.R.G. from having any contact with the children. A.R.G. was released on bail on June 7, 2002.
    Pursuant to the provisions of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC), N.J.S.A. 9:23-1 to -18, an order was entered in the Family Part on June 6, 2002, authorizing the priority placement of the children with L.L. and G.L., the maternal grandparents, in the State of Florida.See footnote 1¹
    By letter to all counsel dated June 24, 2002, counsel for DYFS advised, as follows:

    Enclosed please find a copy of the evidence packet for the fact finding hearing on Wednesday, June 26, 2002 at 1:30 pm. We anticipate moving these documents in evidence at the upcoming trial pursuant to R. 5:12- 4(d). At the hearing a request for a finding pursuant to N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3(a) will be made.

    Please advise whether you will stipulate to the admissibility of these records. It is understood that in so stipulating you reserve the right to proffer evidence rebutting the contents of the documents.

    If you object to a document, please advise me as to the nature of your objection. I anticipate calling one witness from the Division.See footnote 2²

    At the June 26, 2002 hearing, DYFS moved for a finding that it was not required to exert reasonable efforts to reunify the children with A.R.G., pursuant to N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3(a), based upon the presence of alleged aggravating circumstances of the abuse inflicted upon the children by A.R.G.See footnote 3³ That statute provides, as follows:

    In any case in which the Division of Youth and Family Services accepts a child in care or custody, including placement, the division shall not be required to provide reasonable efforts to reunify the child with a parent if a court of competent jurisdiction has determined that:

a. The parent has subjected the child
to aggravated circumstances of abuse, neglect, cruelty or abandonment;

b. The parent has been convicted of
murder, aggravated manslaughter or manslaugh- ter of a child; aiding or abetting, attempt- ing, conspiring or soliciting to commit murder, aggravated manslaughter or manslaugh-
ter of a child; committing or attempting to commit an assault that resulted, or could have resulted, in significant bodily injury to a child; or committing a similarly serious criminal act which resulted, or could have resulted, in the death of or significant bodily injury to a child; or

c. The rights of the parent to another
of the parent's children have been involun- tarily terminated.

    When determining whether reasonable efforts are required to reunify the child with the parent, the health and safety of the child and the child's need for permanency shall be of paramount concern to the court.

    This section shall not be construed to prohibit the division from providing reasonable efforts to reunify the family, if the division determines that family reunifi- cation is in the child's best interests.

    A permanency plan for the child may be established at the same hearing at which the court determines that reasonable efforts are not required to reunify the child with the parent, if the hearing meets all of the requirements of a permanency hearing pursuant to [N.J.S.A. 30:4C-61.2].

[N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3 (emphasis added).]

    The only witness presented at the fact-finding hearing was Dionis Burgos, the DYFS caseworker. Burgos testified to the results of the investigation by DYFS and produced the various records contained in the DYFS file, including the photographs taken of R.J.G.'s injuries. Over the objection of counsel for A.R.G., the DYFS file was admitted into evidence. After considering the testimony, evidence, and arguments of counsel, the judge stated, in pertinent part:

    The Division has proffered 20 photographs of [R.L.G.], and I think the most descriptive photograph would be P-7, the photograph that shows [R.L.G.'s] left arm with bruises on the left forearm. . . .

    I'm satisfied that the photographs do not overly exaggerate the extent, nature of the injury. Perhaps bruises are more colorful, demonstrative, but certainly the markings indicate a serious savage beating by [A.R.G.] upon the child.

    I'm clearly convinced based upon the testimony of Ms. Burgos, the documentation of the medical records, the photographs that the Division has established that [A.R.G.] has abused [R.L.G.] pursuant to [N.J.S.A.] 9:6- 8.21.

    Additionally, there is argument that the other two children were not abused. [N.J.S.A.] 9:6-8.46 provides for evidence to be considered, proof of abuse and neglect of one child shall be admissible evidence on the issue of abuse and neglect of another child.

    I'm satisfied that based on the abuse inflicted upon [R.L.G.] that the other children likewise would be considered victims of abuse and at risk in the care of [A.R.G.]

    The Division also requests a determina- tion pursuant to [N.J.S.A.] 30:4C-11.2See footnote 4⁴ that they be excused from providing reasonable efforts based upon the child being subject to aggravated circumstances of abuse, neglect, cruelty, or abandonment. I'm satisfied that the Division has clearly established that [R.L.G.] has been subjected to aggravated circumstances of abuse and cruelty.

    This is not just punishment for a child's bad progress report in school. This is a serious beating inflicted upon a young child by an adult through the use of a belt.

    The Division would be excused from providing reasonable efforts. The children are to continue in the care and custody of the Division. Visitation will continue to be suspended for [A.R.G.]

    [Counsel for A.R.G.] can have her own psychological evaluation. The children can be . . . placed with the maternal grandparents in Florida at any time on notice to [the Law Guardian].

    The court entered two orders on June 26, 2002, memorializing its findings. In the fact-finding order, the court found that removal and placement of the children was necessary due to imminent danger to their life, safety or health. The order also recited that DYFS had established by clear and convincing evidence that R.L.G. had been abused by A.R.G., and that due to the severity of abuse the other children were at risk for abuse. The order further provided that "reasonable efforts need not be provided." In the second order, entered on return of the order to show cause, the court continued the "no contact" provision until further order of the court; directed that the interstate referral be conducted on the maternal grandparents in Florida; restrained A.R.G. from the home of the maternal grandparents; required A.R.G. to submit to a psychological evaluation, anger management counseling and parenting skills training; and scheduled a permanency hearing for July 17, 2002.See footnote 5⁵ That order also stated that the "Division is excused from reasonable efforts."
    On or about July 15, 2002, A.R.G. filed a motion seeking a rehearing or reconsideration of the determination by the court that had excused DYFS from providing reasonable efforts to reunify him with the children. The motion also sought an order directing DYFS to provide services to A.R.G., and an adjournment of the permanency hearing. The motion was argued in the Family Part on July 17, 2002. After analyzing the statute, the judge found that the conduct of A.R.G. had constituted aggravated circumstances of abuse and cruelty, and denied the motion stating, in pertinent part:

    In this case the evidence presented by the Division, P-1 through P-5, testimony of Ms. Burgos, really shows that [A.R.G.] beat the child, [R.L.G.] with a belt on or about May 27th, 2002. The Division offered statements of the child and in fact the children, [A.J.G. and C.R.G.] that this was not an isolated incident, as offered by [A.R.G.] in his statement to the Prosecutor's Office. [R.L.G.] had reported that he had been hit previously by [A.R.G.] with both belt and by hand, page five of P-4. He also reported to the Division that in the past his father has always hit him. It started in September of 2001. Every time the teacher sent a progress report or report card or a note he would be hit with the belt, P-4 at page 11. [R.L.G.] also said that he was hit every marking period. [R.L.G.] also stated that the beating left him in pain, the contact sheet dated May 30th at P-1.

    The medical documentation, P-4 at page three, reflects that the child had lesions in different stages of healing. . . . Dr. Pellecia . . . reported to the Division worker . . . that [R.L.G.] had four to five past beatings. Dr. Pellecia opined that he, [R.L.G.], has old, new and healing scars. Photos, P-5, also speak volumes of the savagery of the assault on [R.L.G.] by [A.R.G.]

    The Division's evidence also shows that another child, [C.R.G.], told the worker "[R.L.G.] does not get hit all the time, only when he gets bad grades." He claimed that three years ago his father . . . stopped hitting him, [C.R.G.]. He would be hit for everything. And that he stood up to his father and the beatings stopped. . . .

    [C.R.G.] also stated that his father told him to keep quiet because if anything was revealed he, [A.R.G.], would go to jail. . . .

    [C.R.G.] also has described domestic violence between [A.R.G.] and his mother. P- 1, a contact sheet from [June 10, 2002], describes [C.R.G.] observing [A.R.G.] hitting the mother of the children.

    Two of the three children testified to physical abuse of them by [A.R.G.] [A.J.G.] and [C.R.G.] have also witnessed the physical abuse of [R.L.G.] by [A.R.G.]. [C.R.G.] described domestic violence between [A.R.G.] and their mother.

    Now our Legislature has recognized the impact on children being exposed to violence in the home. Children, even when they are not themselves physically assaulted suffer deep and lasting emotional effect from exposures to domestic violence. [N.J.S.A.] 2C:25-18. This is not an allegation of domestic violence. The only reason why it's not domestic violence is that the children cannot be victims of domestic violence. But obviously this would be violence in the house, which impacts upon the children who are exposed to the violence, even though not hit themselves.

    The evidence presented by the Division through the statements of the children - - and statements of the children are admissible pursuant to [N.J.S.A.] 9:6-8.46 - - describes a systematic and a substantial period . . . of physically and emotionally abusing the children. His methods of discipline go beyond the bounds of discipline and in fact reach the level of a cruel and depraved mind.

    While these cases are fact sensitive I'm satisfied that the . . . abuse rises to the level of aggravated abuse and cruelty. . . .

I'm satisfied that I considered all the evidence on June 26th as to the nature of the assault, the continuous assaults upon [R.L.G.]. And in that determination I am still satisfied clearly and convincingly that [A.R.G.] has intimidated and physically assaulted the child. That would satisfy me it was an aggravated circumstance of abuse and cruelty.

    The judge then conducted the scheduled permanency hearing. The Division's permanency goal, endorsed by the children's law guardian, was termination of A.R.G.'s parental rights and adoption by the maternal grandparents, with whom the children had been residing in Florida. In approving the plan offered by DYFS, the judge stated, in pertinent part:

    The permanency plan of the Division is appropriate. The plan is termination. The Division is excused from providing reasonable efforts. However, they still have to establish each of the four prongs of the best interest test for termination.

    Visitation will continue suspended. The no contact order is in place. [Counsel for A.R.G.] can discuss that matter with the prosecutor or make application . . . on notice to the prosecutor to lift the no contact order.

    The children should be referred to a therapist. The therapist should send reports to [the law guardian] and/or the Division as to the children's interest or desire in seeing [or] having contact with their father.

    All right. But the Division still could explore other options to termination as to [C.R.G.] maybe even - - well, all three actually. [R.L.G.] is about to turn 10. [C.R.G.] is about to turn 15. There may be other options that the Division could explore, such as maybe long term foster care, but it doesn't look like you're going to have enough time for that.

    The Division should explore any options, discuss the possibility of adoption with the children. [C.R.G.] and [R.L.G.] do have the right to have some input as to that decision.

    The judge entered three separate orders on July 17, 2002. One order denied A.R.G.'s motion for reconsideration. A second order continued custody of the children with DYFS, as placed with the maternal grandparents in Florida; directed that A.R.G.'s visitation or contact with the children remained suspended; required a psychological evaluation of A.R.G., as scheduled by DYFS; permitted A.R.G. to obtain his own psychological evaluation; and directed DYFS to explore any options to its permanency plan of adoption by the maternal grandparents. The third order, designated as a "permanency order," approved the Division's permanency plan of termination of A.R.G.'s parental rights, with adoption by the maternal grandparents; stated that the Division need not provide reasonable efforts because the children had been subjected to aggravated circumstances of abuse, neglect and cruelty; and directed the Division to file a guardianship complaint by September 18, 2002.
    On August 29, 2002, A.R.G. filed a notice of appeal from entry of the July 17, 2002 order. On September 18, 2002, DYFS filed a guardianship complaint against A.R.G. in the Family Part under docket number FG-09-217-03, seeking termination of A.R.G.'s parental rights.See footnote 6⁶ The court then entered an order terminating the child abuse and neglect action as being superseded by the guardianship action. On January 10, 2003, we entered an order directing that the trial in the guardianship case be adjourned pending the outcome of this appeal.
    On appeal, A.R.G. presented the following argument for our consideration:

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN RULING THAT PLAINTIFF WAS EXCUSED FROM PROVIDING REASONABLE EFFORTS TO REUNIFY DEFENDANT WITH HIS CHILDREN BECAUSE DEFENDANT DID NOT SUBJECT HIS CHILDREN TO AGGRAVATED CIRCUMSTANCES OF ABUSE, NEGLECT, CRUELTY OR ABANDONMENT.

    N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3, along with several other statutory provisions, was enacted by our Legislature to comply with the Federal Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA), Pub.L. No. 105-89, 111 Stat. 2115 (1997) (codified as amended in scattered sections of 42 U.S.C.), in order to qualify for the continued receipt of federal funding for New Jersey's child protection system. The overall purpose and scope of ASFA were stated in the report of the House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means (Committee) to Congress, as follows:

    The Committee bill is expected to increase the number of adoptions in the United States. Three major provisions of the bill were designed to produce this increase in adoptions. First, under current law, States must engage in "reasonable efforts" to help families that have abused or neglected their children. Some observers have argued that uncertainty about the reasonable efforts standard sometimes delays State action in making children available for adoption. In response to this problem, the bill requires States to define "aggravated circumstances" in State law, such as child torture or sexual abuse, that would permit the State to bypass the Federal reasonable efforts criterion and move more expeditiously to terminate parental rights and make a child available for adoption. In addition, States would not be required to reunite families in cases where a parent has murdered another child or lost their parental rights to a sibling. Second, the bill provides States with a $4,000 ($6,000 for special needs children) incentive payment for each adoption above the number of adoptions during the previous year. Third, in the case of children under age 10 who have been in foster care for at least 18 of the past 24 months, the bill requires States to move toward terminating parental rights under most circumstances. Taken together, these provisions and associated provisions of the Committee bill can be expected to produce a substantial increase in adoptions in the years ahead.

[H.R. Rep. 105-77, at 7 (1997), reprinted in 1 997 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1, 2739-40.]

    Prior to the enactment of ASFA, New Jersey required DYFS to meet the more demanding standard of exerting "diligent efforts" in attempting family reunification. ASFA replaced that requirement with the "reasonable efforts" standard, 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15), and further required the States to adopt legislation excusing state agencies from providing reasonable efforts under certain enumerated circumstances. See N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(3), as amended by L. 1997, c. 175, § 18, eff. July 31, 1997. Here, the pertinent exception permitting States to "bypass" reasonable efforts for reunification is where the state agency can demonstrate the existence of "aggravating circumstances" inflicted by the parent upon the child. 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15)(D)(i). The reasons underlying enactment of this bypass provision were explained at length by the Committee, as follows:

    After many years of growth, especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the nation's foster care caseload is now almost 500,000. Recent studies have shown that in some States, the average child removed from the home because of family problems spends almost three years in foster care. Many of these children will never return home; many more will return home one or more times before it becomes evident that their families will not be able to take care of them permanently. And yet, testimony before the Committee, as well as scientific studies, have shown that adoption is an effective way to assure that children grow up in loving families and that they become happy and productive citizens as adults.

    There seems to be almost universal agreement that adoption is preferable to foster care and that the nation's children would be well served by a policy that increases adoption rates. Over the past several years, however, witnesses before the Committee have testified that there are a variety of barriers to adoption, some of them Federal. One barrier is the "reasonable efforts" criterion in the Federal statute. This criterion requires States to make reasonable efforts to prevent removing a child from its home and to facilitate returning children to their homes if removal has been necessary. The intent of this policy is to provide services to families so that they can continue to fulfill their child rearing function.

    However, there seems to be a growing belief that Federal statutes, the social work profession, and the courts sometimes err on the side of protecting the rights of parents. As a result, too many children are subjected to long spells of foster care or are returned to families that reabuse them.

    The bipartisan group that wrote this legislation recognized the importance and essential fairness of the reasonable efforts criterion. What is needed is not a wholesale reversal of reasonable efforts or of the view that government has a responsibility to help troubled families solve the problems that lead to child abuse or neglect. The Federal government now spends well over $4.5 billion dollars helping these families and their children and the money is well spent. Rather than abandoning the Federal policy of helping troubled families, what is needed is a measured response to allow States to adjust their statutes and practices so that in some circumstances States will be able to move more efficiently toward terminating parental rights and placing children for adoption.
                    
    Thus, the Committee bill would require States to define "aggravated circumstances," such as child torture, chronic abuse, or sexual abuse, in which States are allowed to bypass the Federal reasonable efforts criteria and instead would be required to make efforts to place the child for adoption. In addition, States would be required to bypass reasonable efforts to provide services to families if the parent has murdered a child, committed manslaughter in the death of a child, or has another child for whom parental rights were involuntarily terminated.

[H.R. Rep. No. 105-77, at 7-8 (1997), reprinted in 1 997 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1, 2740 (emphasis added).]

    Thus, ASFA permitted child protection agencies to bypass the requirement that reasonable efforts of reunification be exerted when the court finds that there are aggravated circumstances, such as abandonment, torture, chronic abuse, and sexual abuse; that there is a homicide of a child; or that the parent has had parental rights to another child terminated. 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15)(D).
    Prior to the enactment of ASFA, "both state and federal law appeared to give primary consideration to the rights of parents, as opposed to the welfare of their children." State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep't v. Amy B., 61 P.3d 845, 847 (N.M. Ct. of App. 2002). In eliminating the requirement of reasonable efforts under certain circumstances, and in requiring the States to follow suit in order to be eligible for federal benefits, ASFA was responding to perceived excesses in the application of the reasonable efforts requirement. In re Custody and Guardianship of Marino S., 693 N.Y.S.2d 822, 825 (Fam. Ct. 1999). The obvious intent of Congress was not to require remedial measures in situations where a court has determined that the parent has subjected the child to aggravated circumstances of abuse. J.S. v. State of Alaska, 50 P.3d 388, 392 (Alaska 2002).
    Additionally, ASFA conditions receipt of federal funding upon a State's adoption of a system in which, inter alia, the status of each child in placement is reviewed periodically but no less frequently than once every six months, 42 U.S.C.A. §675(5)(B); requires a permanency hearing to be held not later than twelve months after the child has been in placement, 42 U.S.C.A. §675(5)(C); and, under specific circumstances, requires States to seek termination of parental rights and concurrently identify, recruit, and process a qualified family for adoption.See footnote 7⁷ 42 U.S.C.A. §675(5)(E). See also Idaho Dep't of Health and Welfare v. Hays, 46 P.3d 529, 533-34 (Idaho 2002) (outlining ASFA's criteria and new requirements).
    ASFA clarifies that in determining whether to make reasonable efforts to reunify placed children with their parents, the children's health and safety shall be the paramount concern. 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15)(A). Thus, in pursuing that goal, ASFA provides that reasonable efforts to reunite children with their parents "shall not be required . . . if a court of competent jurisdiction has determined that (i) the parent has subjected the child to aggravated circumstances (as defined in State law, which definition may include but need not be limited to abandonment, torture, chronic abuse and sexual abuse)[.]" 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15)(D)(i). Essentially, ASFA makes clear that a child need not be forced to remain in or be returned to an unsafe home and allows the States to place the safety and welfare of the child before the interest of abusive parents. In Interest of S.A.M., 826 So.2d 1266, 1276 (Miss. 2002). If reasonable efforts for reunification are not made as a result of a determination made pursuant to 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15)(D)(i)__that they are not required by reason of aggravated circumstances__then a permanency hearing "shall be held for the child within 30 days after the determination[.]" 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(E)(i); see also N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.54(b)(2).
    Although a finding under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3(a) relieves DYFS of the requirement to make reasonable efforts to reunify an abused or neglected child with that child's parent where the court has found that aggravated circumstances exist, the term "aggravated circumstances" has not been defined by our Legislature, despite AFSA providing that that term is to be defined by state law and "may include . . . abandonment, torture, chronic abuse, and sexual abuse." 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15(D)(i).
    The Supreme Court has, however, recognized the "strong policy considerations that underscore the need to secure permanency and stability for the child without undue delay." In re Guardianship of DMH, 161 N.J. 365, 385 (1999) (citing to In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 356 (1999)). In referencing ASFA, the Court stated, in pertinent part:

    On the federal level, the recent trend has been to limit the reasonable efforts social service agencies must undertake to reunite families. Thus, the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 provides that the child's health and safety are the paramount concerns in attempts to reunify families. . . . Although reasonable efforts are still required by the Act, there are also numerous exceptions to an agency's duty to provide reasonable reunification efforts, such as when the parent has physically endangered the child. . . . These changes were spurred by congressional concern that the efforts of social service agencies to reunite families often returned children to dangerous homes. . . . Some commentators have criticized this approach, arguing that services such as targeted reunification programs, drug rehabilitation, and long term services programs, have been useful in producing lower levels of maltreatment and higher rates of reunification.

See also In re Guardianship of B.L.A., 332 N.J. Super. 392, 406 (Ch. Div. 2000) (noting that ASFA, as implemented by N.J.S.A. 9:6- 8.87, clarified that the overriding priority is to always protect children, and that "[i]n the final analysis, the futility of reunification efforts must be measured by the family track record").
    The ASFA-implementing legislation in New Jersey makes clear that the public policy of our State is

[t]hat the preservation and strengthening of family life is a matter of public concern as being in the interests of the general welfare, but the health and safety of the child shall be the State's paramount concern when making a decision on whether or not it is in the child's best interest to preserve the family unit[.]

[N.J.S.A. 30:4C-1(a) (emphasis added to the AFSA amendatory provision).]

    The laws of most states, as required by ASFA, contain the "aggravated circumstances" language. Because Congress left it to the States to define what "aggravated circumstances" means, a wide variety of approaches have been found among the States. Although ASFA provides that aggravated circumstances may be defined to include, but not be limited to, "abandonment, torture, chronic abuse, and sexual abuse," our Legislature has chosen to use the term "aggravated circumstances" as a modifier of "abuse, neglect, cruelty or abandonment." N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3(a). Stated another way, it appears that the degree, or extent, of the "abuse, neglect, cruelty or abandonment" would seemingly determine whether "aggravating circumstances" are present.
    In the absence of more descriptive statutory language, we must construe the provisions of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3(a) in light of the language used and the objective sought to be achieved. Matter of Adoption of N.J.A.C. 7:1I, 149 N.J. 119, 127-28 (1997). "Primary regard must be given to the fundamental purposes for which the legislation was enacted." Velazquez ex rel. Velazquez v. Jiminez, 172 N.J. 240, 257 (2002). "To this end, individual statutory provisions should not be read in isolation but rather as parts of a harmonious legislative plan." Barron v. State Health Benefits, 343 N.J. Super. 583, 587 (App. Div. 2001). Generally, "[a]bsent any explicit indications of special meanings, the words used in a statute carry their ordinary and well-understood meanings." State v. Afandor, 134 N.J. 162, 171 (1993) (citations omitted).
    Similar statutes from other states that contain explanatory language and case law on the same subject may serve as guides in construing a statute. Roman Check Cashing, Inc. v. Department of Banking, 169 N.J. 105, 113 (2001). This is particularly so here, where AFSA has required the States, as a condition of continued receipt of federal funding, to define those aggravated circumstances that will excuse the child protection agency from its statutory obligation to exert reasonable efforts to reunify placed children with their parents.
    Several States have simply adopted the listing of conduct contained in 42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15)(D)(i)__including, but not limited to, abandonment, torture, chronic abuse and sexual abuse__as their definition of aggravating circumstances. See Ga. Code Ann. § 15-11-58(a)(4)(A)(2003); Miss. Code Ann. § 43-21- 603(7)(2003); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-283.01(4)(a)(2003); R.I. Gen. Laws § 15-7-7(a)(2)(v)(2003); W. Va. Code § 49-6-5(a)(7)(A)(2003); and Wis. Stat. Ann. § 48.355(2d)(1)(West 2003); see also Ala. Code § 12-15-65(m)(1)(2003) (adding "substance abuse" as an aggravated circumstance); Idaho Code § 16-1608(e)(4)(Michie 2003) (adding "felony assault resulting in bodily injury" as an aggravated circumstance); Kan. Stat. Ann. § 38-1502(x)(2003) and Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 10, § 7303-1.4(B)(3)(a) (West 2003) (adding "life- threatening neglect of a child" as an aggravating circumstance).
    Many States have defined "aggravating circumstances" by the gravity or severity of the abuse or neglect, and the threat posed to the safety of the child. In North Carolina, for example, reasonable efforts for reunification after placement shall not be required, inter alia, where the court has determined that the parent has subjected the child to aggravated circumstances, N.C. Gen. Stat. §7B-507(b)(2) (2002), defined as "any circumstance attending to the commission of an act of abuse or neglect which increases its enormity or adds to its injurious consequences, including, but not limited to, abandonment, torture, chronic abuse, or sexual abuse." N.C. Gen. State. § 7B-101(2) (2002) (emphasis added).
    Aggravated circumstances are defined in Tennessee as "abandonment of an infant, aggravated assault, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated child abuse and neglect, aggravated sexual exploitation of a minor, especially aggravated sexual exploitation of a minor, aggravated rape, rape, rape of a child, incest, or severe child abuse[.]" Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(9) (2003) (emphasis added). "Severe child abuse" is further defined as:

(A) The knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to protect a child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause great bodily harm or death and the knowing use of force on a child that is likely to cause great bodily harm or death;

(B) Specific brutality, abuse or neglect towards a child which in the opinion of qualified experts has caused or will reasonably be expected to produce severe psychosis, severe neurotic disorder, severe depression, severe developmental delay or retardation, or severe impairment of the child's ability to function adequately in the child's environment, and the knowing failure to protect a child from such conduct;

(C) The commission of any act towards the child [that constitutes aggravated rape, aggravated sexual battery, rape of a child, incest, or aggravated sexual exploitation] or the knowing failure to protect the child from the commission of any such act towards the child; or

(D) Knowingly allowing a child to be present within a structure where the act of creating methamphetamine . . . is occurring.

    In Kentucky, aggravated circumstances are defined, inter alia, as the parent causing the child serious physical injury[.] Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 600.020(2)(e) (Michie 2003) (emphasis added). "Serious physical injury" is further defined to mean "physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious and prolonged disfigurement, prolonged impairment of health, or prolonged loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ[.]" Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 600.020(54) (Michie 2003).
    In South Dakota, reasonable efforts for reunification are not required, inter alia, where the court has determined by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has "subjected the child to torture, sexual abuse, abandonment for at least six months, chronic physical, mental, or emotional injury, or chronic neglect if the neglect was a serious threat to the safety of the child or another child[.]" S.D. Codified Laws § 26:8A-21.1(3) (Michie 2003). In South Carolina, aggravated circumstances are defined as severe or repeated abuse; severe or repeated neglect; sexual abuse; acts that the court may find constitute torture; or abandonment. S.C. Code Ann. § 20-7-763(C)(1) (Law. Co-op. 2003) (emphasis added).
    In Nevada, reasonable efforts are not required if the court finds, inter alia, that a parent has caused the abuse or neglect of the child, or of another child of the parent or primary caretaker, which resulted in substantial bodily harm to the abused or neglected child, or caused the abuse or neglect of the child, a sibling of the child or another child in the household, and the abuse or neglect was so extreme or repetitious as to indicate that any plan to return the child to his home would result in an unacceptable risk to the health or welfare of the child[.]" Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. 432B.393(3)(a) (Michie 2003) (emphasis added).
    In Alaska, the court may determine that reasonable efforts are not required if it has found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that, inter alia, the parent has subjected the child to circumstances that pose a substantial risk to the child's health or safety, which circumstances may include abandonment, sexual abuse, torture, chronic mental injury, or chronic physical harm. Alaska Stat. § 47.10.086(c)(1) (Michie 2003) (emphasis added).
    In Oregon, aggravated circumstances are defined as, inter alia, a parent, by abuse or neglect, causing serious physical injury to any child, or subjecting any child to rape, sodomy or sexual abuse. Or. Rev. Stat. § 419B.340(5)(a) (2001) (emphasis added). In interpreting the term "aggravated circumstances," the Oregon Court of Appeals has stated, in pertinent part:

    First, the ordinary meaning of the verb "aggravate" is "to make worse, more serious, or more severe: INTENSIFY." Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary, 41 (unabridged ed. 1993). Accordingly, as applied in a juvenile dependency proceeding to circumstances bearing on a determination whether to remove a child from a parental home or whether, conversely, a child may be "safely" returned home, "aggravated" circumstances are those involving relatively more serious types of harm or detriment to a child. That interpretation is confirmed by the aggravated circumstances that are specifically enumerated in ORS 419B.340(5)(a), involving, among other things, a parent having caused a child's death or serious physical injury or having subjected a child to rape or other sexual abuse, intentional starvation or torture, or abandonment. . . .

    Next, it is significant that ORS 419B.340(5)(a) refers to aggravated "circumstances," rather than to the aggravated actions and conditions of a parent. . . . That usage indicates that the legislature was concerned, not only with the parents' actions and conditions, but also with the results of those actions and conditions, including effects, direct and indirect, on a child.

    It is not necessary or possible in this case to determine the entire universe of "aggravated circumstances" within the meaning of ORS 419b.340(5)(a), because we conclude that such circumstances are present here. In particular, . . . [the record] discloses that D has suffered severe mental injury as a result of his exposure to significant domestic violence, the parents' drug use, and a highly unstable home life. The record also demonstrates that [the] child has suffered serious psychological and social damage including, among other disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and parent-child relational disorder and that those disorders were caused, in substantial part, by the parents' conduct, including [the child] witnessing domestic violence. . . . Consistently with our understanding of ORS 419B.340(5)(a) . . . , we conclude that the circumstances here, in their totality, are "aggravated." It follows that, based on the existence of those circumstances, the juvenile court was authorized to find that DHS was not required to make reasonable efforts to make it possible for [the] child to safely return home.

[State ex rel. Juvenile Dept. of Benton County v. Risland, 51 P.3d 697, 704-05 (Or. App. 2002).]

    The ASFA provisions in the Iowa statute provide, in relevant part, that "[i]f the court determines by clear and convincing evidence that aggravated circumstances exist, with written findings of fact based upon the evidence in the record, the court may waive the requirement for making reasonable efforts." Iowa Code § 232.102(12) (2000). Aggravated circumstances are defined broadly as those, inter alia, where the child has been placed based on a finding of physical or sexual abuse or neglect as a result of the acts or omissions of the parent, there is clear and convincing evidence that the abuse or neglect posed a significant risk to the life of the child or constituted imminent danger to the child, and there is clear and convincing evidence that the offer or receipt of services would not correct the conditions that led to the abuse or neglect within a reasonable period of time. Iowa Code § 232.102(12)(a)-(g); § 232.116(1)(i) (emphasis added).
    In Maine, aggravating circumstances are defined as including, but not limited to, a parent subjecting a child to "[r]ape, gross sexual misconduct, gross sexual assault, sexual abuse, incest, aggravated assault, kidnapping, promotion of prostitution, abandonment, torture, chronic abuse or any other treatment that is heinous or abhorrent to society[.]" Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 22 § 4002(1-B)(A)(1) (2003) (emphasis added). In interpreting this provision, the Maine Supreme Judicial Court stated the statute "gives courts the discretion to identify the most egregious cases, from the early stages of the child protective process, thereby allowing the Department [of Human Services] to move towards achieving children's permanency without providing fruitless reunification services." In re Ashley S., 762 A.2d 941, 947 (Me. 2000).
    In Missouri, the Division of Family Services may be excused by the court from exercising reasonable efforts to provide reunification services where "[t]he parent has subjected the child to a severe act or recurrent acts of physical, emotional or sexual abuse toward the child, including an act of incest[.]" Mo. Ann. Stat. § 211.183(7)(1) (emphasis added). See In the Interest of A.H., 45 S.W.3d 899, 901 (Mo. App. E.D. 2001) (holding that reasonable efforts to reunify were not required where a two year- old child had been subjected to severe recurrent acts of physical abuse consisting of the child being dropped four feet onto concrete by mother's boyfriend breaking child's femur, where the child had other bruises in varying degrees of healing, and had previously required medical attention after he fell down a flight of stairs).
    In Pennsylvania, aggravated circumstances are defined, in pertinent part, as where "[t]he child or another child of the parent has been the victim of physical abuse resulting in serious bodily injury, sexual violence or aggravated physical neglect by the parent[,]" and "aggravated physical neglect" is further defined as "[a]ny omission in the care of a child which results in a life- threatening condition or seriously impairs the child's functioning." Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 42, § 6302 (West 2003) (emphasis added). "Serious bodily injury" is defined as "bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ." Id. In In re A.H., 763 A.2d 873, 877 (Pa. Super. 2000), the court concluded that aggravated circumstances had been adequately established in the form of serious bodily injury, where the mother was a perpetrator by reason of her failure to protect her infant from the repeated physical abuse inflicted by her boyfriend, resulting in multiple fractures, developmental delays in physical functioning and necessitating weekly physical therapy sessions.
    In New York, the Department of Social Services is authorized to file a motion, upon notice, requesting a finding that it is excused from providing reasonable efforts to effect reunification where the parent has subjected the child to aggravated circumstances. N.Y. Fam. Ct. Law § 1039-b((b)(1) (McKinney 2003). Aggravated circumstances "means where a child has been either severely or repeatedly abused, as defined in subdivision eight of section three hundred eighty-four-b of the social services law." "Severe abuse" is defined as, inter alia, "the intentional or reckless commission of acts by the parent under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life which results in serious physical injury to the child." N.Y. Soc. Serv. Law § 384- b(8)(a)(i) (McKinney 2003) (emphasis added). By reference, "severe physical injury" is defined as "physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death, or which causes death or serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ." N.Y. Penal § 10.00(10) (McKinney 2003). See In re Marino S., 293 A.D, 2d 223, 229 (N.Y. App. Div. 2002) (ruling that sexual abuse of child by parent requiring surgery to repair severe internal injuries and profuse arterial bleeding sufficiently established severe physical injury and aggravating circumstances excusing reasonable efforts of reunification); In re Keith M., 697 N.Y.S.2d 823 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1999) (ruling that sufficient proof of severe abuse had been established, excusing reasonable efforts to provide reunification services, where the parent had tied up, gagged, whipped and beaten the child while the child was forced to remain standing, naked, in a cruciform position, on at least four occasions).
    Connecticut requires the Commissioner of Children and Families to petition the court for a determination on whether reasonable efforts to reunify the parent and the child are appropriate. Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 17a-111b(a) (West 2003). The court must hold an evidentiary hearing. The court may determine that such efforts are not appropriate if the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parent has subjected the child to aggravated circumstances, defined as, inter alia, abandonment, sexual molestation or exploitation, severe physical abuse, or engaging in a pattern of abuse of the child. Ibid.
    The applicable California statute lists fifteen circumstances where reunification services need not be provided to a parent, if established by clear and convincing evidence. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 361.5(b) (West 2003). Among those circumstances are where the parent inflicts severe physical harm to the child, and the court makes a finding that it would not benefit the child to pursue reunification services with the offending parent. Id. § 361.5(b)(6). A finding of infliction of severe physical harm may be based on deliberate and serious injury inflicted to or on a child's body, deliberate and tortuous confinement of the child, or any other tortuous act or omission that would be reasonably understood to cause serious emotional damage. Ibid. See Pablo S., Sr. v. Los Angeles County Dep't of Children and Family Servs., 98 Cal. App. 4th 292, 300 (App. 2 Dist. 2002) (affirming denial of reunification services where parents failed to seek medical attention for a period of two months for their six year-old child who had fallen and broken his femur, resulting in disfigurement; during the two-month period, the parents ridiculed and struck the child because of his inability to walk); In re Joshua M., 78 Cal. Rptr.2d 110 (App. 4 Dist. 1998) (ruling that § 361.5(b) comports with procedural due process by requiring that the court hold a dispositional hearing, that a report be provided on whether reunification services should be provided, and that proof of circumstances justifying denial or reunification services be established by clear and convincing evidence).
    The enactment of ASFA represented a substantial shift in the intent and purpose of the child protection system in this country. Prior to AFSA, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 (AACWA), P.L. 96-272, as codified in scattered sections throughout Title 42, restructured federal programs for children removed from their families due to abuse or neglect. Through matching-fund incentives, AACWA required the States to lessen the emphasis on foster care and out-of-home placement by requiring services designed to prevent placement and to make it possible for children to return to their homes. See Kurtis A. Kemper, Construction And Application By State Courts of the Federal Adoption And Safe Families Act And Its Implementation By State Statutes, 2 003 A.L.R. 5th 3, § 2.
    Significantly, the enactment of AFSA represented a departure from the emphasis in AACWA on the preservation of families by establishing a child protection system that subordinates parental rights to the paramount concern for the health and safety of the child when making a decision on whether or not it is in the child's best interests to preserve the family unit. See N.J.S.A. 30:4C- 1(a); In re Guardianship of D.J.M., 325 N.J. Super. 150, 154-55 (Ch. Div. 1999) (observing that, distilled to its essence, the adoption of ASFA shifted the focus from reunification with biological parents to the safety of the children).
     42 U.S.C.A. §671(a)(15)(D)(i) and N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3(a) stand for the proposition that the child protection system should not be required to expend its limited resources on attempting to reunify children with their abusive parents where aggravated circumstances of abuse, neglect, cruelty or abandonment exist and dictate the continued need of the children for protection to "assure that children grow up in loving families and that they become happy and productive citizens as adults." H.R. Rep. No. 105-77, supra, at 8. In weighing the balance between the rights of children and the rights of parents when considering reunification services, the balancing formula should tip on the side of protecting children, and not on the side of protecting the rights of parents.
    Still, to bypass the requirement for reasonable efforts of reunification, "aggravating circumstances" must be found to exist. The difficult issue is identifying aggravated circumstances. Resolution of that issue must be viewed through the lens of the legislative intent that the safety of the child is the paramount concern. N.J.S.A. 30:4C-1(a); In re Guardianship of DMH, supra, 161 N.J. at 385. Certainly, the determination of whether aggravated circumstances exist must be made on a case_by-case basis. Moreover, we concur with the observation by the Oregon Court of Appeals that it is not possible or necessary for us to determine the entire universe of "aggravated circumstances." See State ex rel. Juvenile Dep't of Benton County v. Risland, supra, 51 P. 3d at 705.     
    However, our review of the legislation and case law in the various States provides guidance in establishing criteria to determine the existence of aggravated circumstances. Although there are a wide variety of approaches among the States, there are common threads, or themes, that are underpinned by the intent and purposes of AFSA, as implemented by our Legislature. We conclude that the term "aggravated circumstances" embodies the concept that the nature of the abuse or neglect must have been so severe or repetitive that to attempt reunification would jeopardize and compromise the safety of the child, and would place the child in a position of an unreasonable risk to be reabused.
    Moreover, any circumstances that increase the severity of the abuse or neglect, or add to its injurious consequences, equates to "aggravated circumstances." Whether couched as "severe child abuse or neglect," "serious child abuse or neglect," or "severe physical injury" of a singular, chronic, recurrent, or repetitive nature, where the circumstances created by the parent's conduct create an unacceptably high risk to the health, safety and welfare of the child, they are "aggravated" to the extent that the child welfare agency, here DYFS, may bypass reasonable efforts of reunification. Moreover, where the parental conduct is particularly heinous or abhorrent to society, involving savage, brutal, or repetitive beatings, torture, or sexual abuse, the conduct may also be said to constitute "aggravated circumstances." Additionally, whether the offer or receipt of services would correct the conditions that led to the abuse or neglect within a reasonable time may also be considered.
    We note that the existence of aggravated circumstances does not suggest that services are not to be provided at all. Here, for example, the June 26, 2002 order required A.R.G. to submit to a psychological evaluation, counseling, anger management, and parenting skills classes. However, the aggravated circumstances bypass provision of ASFA, as embodied in N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3(a), gives the court discretion to identify the most egregious cases at the early stages of the child protective process without providing fruitless reunification services. See In re Ashley S., supra, 762 A. 2d at 947.
    In reviewing the factual findings and conclusions of a trial judge, we are obliged to accord deference to the trial court's credibility determinations and its "feel of the case" based upon the opportunity of the judge to see and hear the witnesses. Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998); Pascale v. Pascale, 113 N.J. 20, 33 (1988). We are not to disturb the judge's findings unless they are "so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice." Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Investors Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974). Additionally, "[b]ecause of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters, appellate courts should accord deference to family court factfinding." Cesare, supra, 154 N.J. at 413.
    After analyzing the record in the light of the written and oral arguments advanced by the parties, and considering applicable law, we conclude there was adequate, substantial, credible evidence in the record to support the conclusion of the trial judge that aggravated circumstances of abuse and cruelty had been clearly and convincingly proved, permitting the court to authorize DYFS to bypass the statutory obligation of exerting reasonable efforts of reunification.
    The judge's characterization of R.L.G. having been subjected to "a serious savage beating" at the hands of A.R.G. is fully supported by the testimony, photographs, and other evidence in the record. A.R.G.'s argument that the beating he inflicted was an isolated incident is belied by the record. The statements of the children, paternal grandmother, and paternal aunt, as confirmed by the expert evaluations, demonstrate A.R.G. repeatedly subjected R.L.G. to beatings and abuse, and that he had previously subjected C.R.G. to beatings. The inability of his mother, N.G., to control A.R.G.'s violent outbursts and his sister C.G.F.'s statements concerning A.R.G.'s abusive behavior certainly show that the savage beating inflicted upon R.L.G. was far from an isolated occurrence.

        (a) The Division shall not be required to provide reasonable efforts to reunify the child with a parent pursuant to N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11.3 if a court of competent jurisdiction has determined that:

        1.    The parent has subjected the child to aggravated circumstances of abuse, neglect, cruelty or abandonment. Aggravated circumstances may include, but are not limited to, torture and chronic or severe abuse[.] (Emphasis added.)