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J.S31029/02
2003 PA Super 171
ESTATE OF: ROMEO A. LUONGO, JR.,
:
IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
DECEASED
:
PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: MICHAEL R. LUONGO,
:
Appellant
:
No. 2806 EDA 2001
Appeal from the Order dated September 14, 2001
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Orphans' Court, No. 1115 of 2000
BEFORE: MUSMANNO, BOWES, and KELLY, JJ.
OPINION BY KELLY, J.:
Filed: May 1, 2003
¶1
This appeal is from a final order and decree of the Philadelphia County
Court of Common Pleas, Orphans' Court Division, which dismissed the
exceptions of Appellant, Michael R. Luongo, and affirmed the decree of the
Register of Wills admitting to probate the 1995 will of Romeo A. Luongo, Jr.
("Decedent"). Appellant asks us to determine whether the Orphans' court
erred in sustaining preliminary objections to his appeal/petition for citation
sur appeal from the decree of the Register of Wills on the grounds of lack of
standing; failure to conform to rules of court; and legal insufficiency, without
leave to amend his petition. For the following reasons, we hold that
Appellant has standing to contest Decedent's 1995 will, but only in part, and
his petition does not violate the rules of court as alleged. Nevertheless, we
hold that Appellant's petition was legally insufficient and properly dismissed.
Accordingly, we affirm.

J.S31029/02
¶2
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.
Until 1999, Decedent was a practicing medical doctor. He maintained his
medical practice on the first floor of 2054 Locust Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, and had practiced medicine there with his father for many
years. Decedent was also raised at this address. His parents occupied the
upper floors as the family's personal residence. Ultimately, the second and
third floors of the building were converted to rentals. Decedent reserved the
fourth floor of the building to himself, and it contained his personal
belongings until the time of his death.
¶3
Decedent and Appellant's mother were married in 1955. The marriage
produced three children, Appellant and his two sisters. From the late 1960s,
Decedent struggled with alcohol and drug addictions, which he eventually
controlled and stopped in 1976. Decedent and his wife divorced in 1978.
Following the divorce, Decedent was estranged from his former wife and his
three children. He did not attend his daughters' weddings or his son's
graduation. However, contact with his former family resumed in 1984.
Thereafter, Decedent spent many holidays and special events with his
former wife and his children. By all accounts, Decedent was a headstrong,
truculent, and fiercely independent person.
¶4
On October 15, 1999, Decedent died while hospitalized at Temple
University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He left a will dated March
17, 1995. In addition to six specific bequests, the will provided for the
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J.S31029/02
residuary estate to pass to Decedent's long-time friend and companion,
Jacqueline Flechtner ("Proponent"). The will also appoints Proponent as
executrix of Decedent's estate. Decedent's specific monetary bequests are
to his three children, his two grandchildren, and Proponent's son. All of the
bequests appear on page one of the 1995 will.
¶5
Prior to the 1995 will, Decedent executed two other wills, one on
September 27, 1987 ("1987 will"), and another on October 18, 1983 ("1983
will"). Decedent's 1995 will expressly revoked the previous wills. Under the
prior wills, Decedent left his entire estate to Proponent.
¶6
On October 21, 1999, Proponent offered Decedent's 1995 will for
probate in Philadelphia County. On November 5, 1999, Appellant filed a
caveat to the probate of the 1995 will alleging, inter alia, the application of
New Jersey law, lack of testamentary capacity, forgery, undue influence, and
the Slayers' Act pursuant to 20 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 8801-8815.1 On October 3,
2000, a caveat hearing proceeded before the Register of Wills. Following the
presentation of Appellant's evidence, Proponent did not produce any
evidence. Instead, she moved for a compulsory nonsuit. On February 5,
2001, the Register of Wills entered a decree, which dismissed Appellant's
caveat, admitted Decedent's 1995 will to probate, and granted letters

1 Although we do not have a record from the proceedings before the Register
of Wills as part of the certified record on appeal, the parties agree and the
facts of record indicate that Appellant raised these claims before the Register
of Wills.
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J.S31029/02
testamentary to Proponent as executrix of the 1995 will. The decree did not
expressly grant or otherwise mention Proponent's motion for nonsuit.
¶7
On March 8, 2001, Appellant filed an appeal in Orphans' court from the
decree of the Register of Wills and a petition for citation sur appeal. In his
petition, Appellant alleged the 1995 will was a product of Proponent's undue
influence and forgery. He further averred that Proponent was directly
implicated in Decedent's death and should be barred from taking under the
will by virtue of the Slayer's Act.
¶8
Proponent filed preliminary objections on March 28, 2001. In her
preliminary objections, Proponent challenged (1) Appellant's standing to
contest the 1995 will in that he failed to show how he is aggrieved by its
probate; (2) Appellant's failure to conform to rules of court in that he
proceeded on appeal to the Orphans' court without first filing a motion to
remove the compulsory nonsuit allegedly entered by the Register of Wills;
and (3) Appellant's failure to file a legally sufficient petition.
¶9
On May 17, 2001, Appellant filed a separate petition for removal of
Proponent as executrix of the will and representative of the estate. In this
petition, Appellant claimed (1) Proponent was not a domiciliary of
Pennsylvania and had posted no bond; (2) there was ill will between
Proponent and the other beneficiaries of the will due to her alleged
involvement in Decedent's death, which should also disqualify Proponent
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from receiving letters testamentary; and, (3) the estate was in danger of
depletion due to Proponent's self-dealing.
¶10 On May 30, 2001, the Orphans' court sustained Proponent's
preliminary objections by decree, and dismissed Appellant's appeal and
petition. The court also dismissed Appellant's petition to remove Proponent
as executrix of the estate.
¶11 On June 5, 2001, Appellant filed exceptions to both decrees. On June
27, 2001, the court ordered briefing on the exceptions, and scheduled oral
argument for August 15, 2001. Oral argument proceeded as scheduled on
August 15, 2001. On September 14, 2001, the Orphans' court entered a
final decree and opinion, dismissing Appellant's exceptions to the May 30th
decrees. The record was thereafter returned to the Register of Wills to
proceed under the ordinary course, without prejudice to Appellant's right to
raise the Slayer's Act as a bar to distribution in the event of appropriate
proof. Appellant timely filed his notice of appeal with this Court on
September 20, 2001.
¶12 On September 26, 2001, Appellant filed a petition with the Orphans'
court for a stay of all proceedings pending appeal. On October 1, 2001, the
Orphans' court dismissed Appellant's petition for stay without prejudice to
file it again with proper notice to all appropriate parties. Appellant refiled his
petition for stay on October 10, 2001. Following consideration of Appellant's
petition for stay and the preliminary objections thereto, the Orphans' court
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J.S31029/02
sustained the preliminary objections and dismissed the petition for stay by
order dated November 6, 2001. On November 11, 2001, Appellant filed an
application for stay with this Court, which was denied by a per curiam order
dated December 11, 2001.
¶13 On appeal, Appellant raises the following issues for our review:
DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN SUSTAINING PRELIMINARY
OBJECTIONS AND DISMISSING APPELLANT'S PETITION
CHALLENGING THE VALIDITY OF APPELLANT'S DECEASED
FATHER'S WILLS, HOLDING THAT APPELLANT LACKS
STANDING?
DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN SUSTAINING PRELIMINARY
OBJECTIONS AND HOLDING THAT APPELLANT'S PETITION
IS LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT AND FAILS TO CONFORM TO
COURT RULES?
DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN SUSTAINING PRELIMINARY
OBJECTIONS AND DISMISSING APPELLANT'S PETITION,
WITHOUT GRANTING APPELLANT LEAVE TO AMEND HIS
PLEADING?
(Appellant's Brief at 3).
¶14 On appeal from the Register of Wills' decree admitting a will to
probate, the Orphans' court must consider the facts presented and "either
dismiss the petition, grant an issue[2] in case of a substantial dispute, or set

2 The phrase "grant an issue" means generally that the court allows a
particular claim to go forward to trial if there is sufficient evidence of a
substantial dispute on that claim. We note, however, that the right to a jury
trial on a substantial dispute of material fact is addressed under 20 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 777 (providing in relevant part that when contest arises concerning
validity of testamentary writing, Orphans' court may at its discretion impanel
jury to decide question of fact, but jury verdict shall be advisory only).
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J.S31029/02
aside the probate." Wagner's Estate, 289 Pa. 361, 367, 137 A. 616, 618
(1927). With respect to this Court's standard and scope of appellate review
in will contests, the Orphans' court decision will not be reversed unless there
has been an abuse of discretion or a fundamental error in applying the
correct principles of law. In re Elias' Estate, 429 Pa. 314, 239 A.2d 393
(1968). See also In re Estate of Presutti, 783 A.2d 803 (Pa.Super.
2001). If the record supports the court's factual findings, we will defer to
these findings and will not reverse absent an abuse of discretion. In re
Estate of Blumenthal, 812 A.2d 1279, 1286 (Pa.Super. 2002). We are not
constrained, however, to give the same deference to the court's legal
conclusions. Id.
¶15 Initially, Appellant presents us with a complicated argument to support
his standing to contest Decedent's 1995 will and to appeal its probate. To
appreciate Appellant's position, we have divided his argument into two parts.
¶16 Appellant first establishes he is a named beneficiary under the 1995
will. Appellant maintains that if the residuary provision of Decedent's 1995
will is declared invalid, the residuary bequest will pass by virtue of intestate
succession. Appellant suggests that invalidation of the 1995 will's residuary
clause will allow him take his specific bequest plus an intestate share of the
residuary of the estate. To support his position in favor of partial
invalidation of the 1995 will, Appellant directs our attention to the fourth
provision of the 1995 will that allows any invalidated, impaired, or ineffective
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J.S31029/02
provision to be carved out of the will and the will construed as though the
invalid provision had not been contained therein. Further, Appellant directs
our attention to the first statement of Decedent's 1995 will that expressly
revokes all of his prior wills and codicils. Appellant contends he has standing
to challenge the residuary bequest in the 1995 will and argue for partial
probate of the remaining provisions of that will. On this basis, Appellant
concludes he is a party in interest who is aggrieved if Decedent's 1995 will is
probated as written.
¶17 The second part of Appellant's argument is more complicated. The
court's opinion sur objections to the decrees of May 30, 2001 reasoned that
the existence of Decedent's two prior wills should bar Appellant from
contesting the 1995 will, where Appellant was not a beneficiary under either
of the prior wills. Specifically, the court wrote:
[A] review of the issue of lack of standing reveals that the
decedent had executed two prior wills, one on September
27, 1987, and one on October 18, 1983, copies of which
were attached to the pleadings. While [Appellant] receives
a $10,000 bequest under the present will, he is not a
named beneficiary at all in the two prior wills. Pursuant to
Pennsylvania law, a party must have some pecuniary
interest, which would be adversely affected by admitting
the will to probate in order to have standing to contest said
will. Unless and until the 1995 will, the 1987 will and the
1983 will were all to be found invalid, [Appellant] has no
standing to object to the testator's dispositive scheme.
The lack of standing is a fatal flaw to [A]ppellant's petition
and, therefore, the court cannot permit an amendment [to
Appellant's petition] since the flaw is incurable. Wills,
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J.S31029/02
Alleged Incapacitated Person, 20 Fid.Rep.2d 16 (O.C.
Div. Adams County, 1998).[3]
(Trial Court Opinion, dated September 14, 2001, at 2-3). Proponent's

3 Wills, Alleged Incapacitated Person involved an adopted daughter's
petition, inter alia, to set aside the will of her incapacitated father. The court
stated:
Movant argues that petitioner has no standing to contest
Robert A. Wills' will because she is not a beneficiary under
the will and would not recover anything even if the will
were invalidated. This is so because Robert A. Wills
executed wills in 1986 and in 1993 and petitioner is only
contesting the validity of the 1993 will. Under
Pennsylvania law, if the 1993 will is found to be invalid the
1986 will becomes effective. See In re Estate of Sidlow,
543 A.2d 1143, 1145 ([Pa.Super.] 1988) ([stating] that
"absent a specific revocation, the doctrine of relative
revocation revives an earlier will which has been impliedly
revoked by a subsequent will which is later declared
invalid").1
1 The Court notes that Robert A. Wills' 1993 will
specifically revoked the 1986 will; however, when
the later will is executed under undue influence or
lack of capacity the language specifically revoking
the prior will fails. Burns v. Kabboul, 595 A.2d
1153, 1167 ([Pa.Super.] 1991), [appeal denied, 529
Pa. 655,] 604 A.2d 247 (1992). Thus, if Robert A.
Wills' 1993 will is deemed invalid due to lack of
capacity or undue influence, the 1986 will is revived.
Petitioner is not a beneficiary under the 1986 or the 1993
wills. Although generally, a party who may take under
intestate law has standing to contest a will, this case is
distinguishable because there is an earlier will that would
take effect that is not being contested and in which
petitioner is not a beneficiary. Thus, because petitioner
has no interest in the estate of Robert A. Wills under either
will, she has no standing to contest only the 1993 will.
Id. at 17-18.
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argument against standing mirrors the court's reasoning. Proponent asserts
that Decedent's long-term estate plan, as evidenced in all three wills, leaves
Appellant a relatively small bequest (1995 will) or nothing at all (1987 will
and 1983 will). By virtue of the 1995 will, Proponent submits Appellant will
actually receive more than he would have received under either of the prior
wills, which effectively disinherit Appellant. Therefore, Proponent agrees
with the Orphans' court that Appellant is not aggrieved by the 1995 will and
lacks standing to contest it.
¶18 Appellant responds that the mere existence of Decedent's prior wills
cannot not deprive him of standing to challenge probate of the 1995 will,
where he is a beneficiary under the 1995 will and the prior wills have not yet
been presented to and passed the scrutiny of the probate court.4 Although
Appellant concedes his intestate interest in the estate is remote and may
ultimately depend upon a successful attack of the prior wills, he concludes
this alone should not deprive him of standing to challenge probate of the
1995 will.
¶19 Appellant further states that if required by Wills, supra, his challenge
to the 1995 will should be construed as against all earlier wills and suggests

4 In support of this proposition, Appellant cites In re Heffner Estate, 43 Pa.
D.&C. 2d 365 (O.C. Div. Montgomery County, 1967) and In re Holtz
Estate, 30 Pa. D.&C.2d 396 (O.C. Div. Perry County, 1962). We note that
these cases are not binding precedent for our purposes. As discussed infra,
the validity of both cases has recently been called into doubt by this Court in
In re Estate of Briskman, 808 A.2d 928 (Pa.Super. 2002).
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J.S31029/02
he will take a larger share of the estate as an intestate heir if all the wills
are declared invalid. Appellant concludes the Orphans' court erred in holding
Appellant lacked standing to object to Decedent's dispositive scheme
because Appellant was not a named beneficiary under Decedent's prior wills.
For the following reasons, we agree that Appellant has standing to contest
probate of Decedent's 1995 will, but only to a limited extent.
¶20 As a general rule, a party must have standing to contest probate of a
decedent's will. In re Estate of Sidlow, supra. In will contests, the right
to an appeal is statutory as is the designation of the parties on whom the
right is conferred, and is defined at Section 908 of the Decedents, Estates
and Fiduciaries Code, which provides:
§ 908. Appeals
(a) When allowed. --Any party in interest who is
aggrieved by a decree of the register, or a fiduciary
whose estate or trust is so aggrieved, may appeal
therefrom to the court within one year of the decree:
Provided, That the executor designated in an instrument
shall not by virtue of such designation be deemed a party
in interest who may appeal from a decree refusing probate
of it. The court, upon petition of a party in interest, may
limit the time for appeal to three months. [Emphasis
added]
* * *
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 908(a). In essence, a party has the requisite standing to
contest a will when that party is aggrieved by a judgment, decree or order
of the register, in the sense that some pecuniary interest of that party has
been "injuriously affected." In re Estate of Seasongood, 467 A.2d 857,
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J.S31029/02
859 (Pa.Super. 1983) (citing In re Atlee's Estate, 406 Pa. 528, 178 A.2d
722 (1962)). "When a statute creates a cause of action and designates who
may sue, the issue of standing becomes interwoven with that of subject
matter jurisdiction." Grom v. Burgoon, 672 A.2d 823, 824 (Pa.Super.
1996) (citing Hill v. Divecchio, 625 A.2d 642 (Pa.Super. 1993), appeal
denied, 538 Pa. 613, 645 A.2d 1316 (1994)). "Standing then becomes a
jurisdictional prerequisite to an action, [and] can be raised at any time, by
any party, or by the court sua sponte." Id. at 824-25.
¶21 A contestant to the validity of a will does not have standing to do so
unless he can prove he would be entitled to participate in the decedent's
estate if the will before the court is ruled invalid. In re Ash's Estate, 351
Pa. 317, 41 A.2d 620 (1945). To be aggrieved by the probate of a will, the
contestant's share of the estate must be smaller because of probate or
larger if probate is denied. Id. Thus, it has been held that a non-relative
beneficiary under an earlier will that the testator physically destroyed when
he was fully competent to do so, leaves the legatee without any interest in
the estate to challenge the testator's later will. Id. (citing In re Curtis'
Estate, 253 Pa. 389, 98 A. 575 (1916)). The resulting implication is that,
had the prior will remained in existence, the contestant would have been
considered a party in interest who was aggrieved by probate of the later will,
because the contestant was a beneficiary under the prior will, whose share
in the estate was made smaller by probate of the later will. Id. at 319, 41
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A.2d at 621. Thus, a legatee under a prior will, whose legacy is revoked5
only by implication by virtue of the testator's act of executing a later will,
has standing to challenge the validity of the later will, because the prior will
is revived upon a ruling that the later will is invalid. In re Estate of
Sidlow, supra. "This is consistent with the principle that, absent a specific
revocation, the doctrine of relative revocation revives an earlier will which
has been impliedly revoked by a subsequent will which is later declared
invalid." Id. at 1145.
¶22 This Court has also held that contestants who would not take under
the intestate statute, if the challenged will were declared invalid, have no
pecuniary interest adversely affected by probate of the will, and therefore
have no standing to contest it. In re Estate of Seasongood, supra. For
example, non-heir contestants claiming the decedent had promised to make
a will in their favor cannot prevent probate of the challenged will. Id. The
alleged breach of contract may, however, affect the distribution of the
estate, and the contestants may have standing to object to the distribution.
Id.
¶23 Further, creditors of an heir are not proper parties to maintain an
appeal from probate of a decedent's will; "that one of the heirs owes money
to a stranger to the [decedent] does not make the stranger a party
interested in the will [of the decedent]." In re Shepard's Estate, 170 Pa.

5 Revocation of a will is governed by 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2505.
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J.S31029/02
323, 327, 32 A. 1040, 1041 (1895). In such circumstances, the heir's
creditors are said to have no tangible interest in the estate that would confer
the right to contest the decedent's will. Id.
¶24 Additionally, a surviving spouse who would receive the same benefit in
the estate regardless of which will is probated has no standing to set aside
probate of one will in favor of another will. Knecht's Estate, 341 Pa. 292,
19 A.2d 111 (1941). However, a surviving spouse could contest a former
will, where she received more under the terms of a later will than she would
receive if she claimed her statutory share against the former will. In re
Bolen's Estate, 99 Pa.Super. 321 (1930).
¶25 With respect to a decedent's heirs, generally an heir-at-law has the
right to be heard on the validity of a will, where there is no prior will, and
the estate would pass by the laws of intestacy if the challenged will were
declared invalid. In re Roger's Estate, 154 Pa. 217, 26 A. 225 (1893).
Under these circumstances, the heir-at-law has standing to contest probate,
even if the heir-at-law is not a beneficiary under the will at issue, because
the heir takes by operation of statute if the will fails. In re Estate of
Sowers, 383 Pa. 566, 119 A.2d 60 (1956).
¶26 Ascertaining the standing of heirs at law to contest a current will
becomes more complex when there are prior wills in existence; consider, for
example, the recent case of Estate of Briskman, supra. In Estate of
Briskman, decedent's niece, an intestate heir, timely appealed from the
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probate of the decedent's 1993 will (current will), which had named a non-
relative as executor and sole beneficiary of decedent's estate. Decedent's
niece challenged the 1993 will, claiming the decedent lacked the necessary
testamentary capacity to execute that will. Fraud, duress, constraint, and
undue influence were raised as alternative grounds for the appeal.
Decedent's niece then produced a prior will dated August 1, 1984. The 1984
will made several specific bequests to charity, including one to decedent's
brother in the amount of $10,000. The 1984 will also directed that
decedent's residuary estate be held in a charitable trust. Notably, in her
1984 will, decedent expressly stated why she did not make any provision in
her will for any other members of her family, thereby expressing her intent
to disinherit the rest of her family. Decedent's attorney was named as
executor and trustee of the 1984 will. Decedent's niece and her husband
were named as successor trustees, in the event the named trustee could not
serve.
¶27 The question on appeal was whether an heir-at-law of decedent had
standing to appeal the probate decree, when the heir-at-law was not a
beneficiary under decedent's probated will, but was a named successor
trustee under a prior will. In resolving this issue, the Court called into
question Heffner Estate, supra and Holtz Estate, supra, which suggest
that an heir-at-law has standing to contest the probate of a will even though
there is in existence a prior testamentary document executed by the
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J.S31029/02
decedent excluding the heir-at-law as a beneficiary. The Court rejected the
reasoning in those cases to the extent they suggest that the bare possibility
of an intestate interest is sufficient to support an appeal from a probate
decree. To the contrary, the Court reasoned that mere status of a
contestant as an heir-at-law does not confer standing to file appeal from
probate of a will in which the heir-at-law is not a beneficiary, where there is
a prior will in which the heir-at-law is also not a beneficiary. The Court held
that niece's interest "either as a successor trustee under the 1984 will, or an
intestate heir-at-law if both wills are deemed invalid, is too remote to confer
upon her an interest in the probate of the 1993 will." Id. at 933.
¶28 In the instant case, our analysis of Pennsylvania law makes clear that
a will contestant's standing to appeal from a decree of probate turns
delicately on the specific facts and circumstances of the matter at hand.
However, our research indicates that Pennsylvania appellate courts have yet
to address the situation presented here; i.e., whether an heir-at-law has
standing to contest probate of the decedent's most recent will, where the
heir-at-law is a beneficiary under the current will, but is not a beneficiary
under the decedent's prior wills, which were executed eight and twelve years
respectively before the current will. Here, Appellant is Decedent's son, an
heir-at-law and a named beneficiary under the 1995 will.6 Therefore, under

6 Appellant does not claim standing as a fiduciary, whose estate or trust is
aggrieved. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 908.
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prevailing law, it can be said that Appellant has a pecuniary interest in the
estate and in the probate of the 1995 will.
¶29 Nevertheless, as Pennsylvania law demonstrates, a mere showing of a
relationship to the decedent and/or beneficiary status under the probated
will is insufficient to confer standing to appeal from probate of that will. See
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 908; In re Estate of Atlee, supra; In re Ash's Estate,
supra; Knecht's Estate, supra; Estate of Briskman, supra; In re
Estate of Seasongood, supra. Appellant must also show that his
pecuniary interest in the estate is aggrieved by probate of the will at issue, a
showing complicated by the existence of Decedent's prior wills. Thus our
inquiry is not over, because we must still determine whether Appellant's
pecuniary interest in the estate is aggrieved by the probate of the 1995 will.
¶30 In general, Pennsylvania law provides that all property not disposed of
by will passes according to the jurisdiction's law of intestacy. In re Jacobs'
Estate, 343 Pa. 387, 391, 22 A.2d 744, 746 (1941). Pennsylvania's
intestacy law is found at Section 2101 of the Decedents, Estates and
Fiduciaries Code, which states:
§ 2101. Intestate estate
(a) General rule.--All or any part of the estate of a
decedent not effectively disposed of by will or otherwise
passes to his heirs as prescribed in this chapter, except as
modified by the decedent's will.
(b) Modification by decedent's will.--A decedent by
will may expressly exclude or limit the right of an
individual or class to succeed to property of the decedent
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passing by intestate succession. If that individual or a
member of that class survives the decedent, the share of
the decedent's intestate estate to which the individual or
class would have succeeded passes as if that individual or
each member of that class had disclaimed his intestate
share.
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2101. Furthermore, Section 2103 states, in relevant part:
§2103. Shares of others than surviving spouse
The share of the estate, if any, to which the surviving
spouse is not entitled, and the entire estate if there is no
surviving spouse, shall descend in the following order:
(1) Issue.--To the issue of the decedent.
* * *
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2103. However, "Pennsylvania law favors testamentary
disposition of a decedent's estate." Burns, supra at 1167. If possible, "a
decedent's will is construed to avoid intestacy." Id. Thus, our legislature
has provided the following considerations with respect to wills containing
revocation clauses:
§ 2505. Revocation of a will
No will or codicil in writing, or any part thereof, can be
revoked or altered otherwise than:
(1) Will or codicil. By some other will or codicil in writing;
(2) Other writing. By some other writing declaring the
same, executed and proved in the manner required of
wills; or
(3) Act to the document. By being burnt, torn, canceled,
obliterated, or destroyed, with the intent and for the
purpose of revocation, by the testator himself or by
another person in his presence and by his express
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direction. If such act is done by any person other than the
testator, the direction of the testator must be proved by
the oaths or affirmations of two competent witnesses.
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2505. Moreover, once a will has been revoked, the ability to
revive the will has been limited by Section 2506, which provides:
§ 2506. Revival of revoked or invalid will
If, after the making of any will, the testator shall execute
the later will which expressly or by necessary implication
revokes the earlier will, the [testator's] revocation of the
later will shall not revive the earlier will, unless the
revocation is in writing and declares the intention of the
testator to revive the earlier will, or unless, after such
revocation, the earlier will should be reexecuted. Oral
republication of itself shall be ineffective to revive a will.
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506. Specifically, this Court has stated:
Revocation may be effectuated by any later writing which
evidences the decedent's intent to revoke, specifies what is
to be revoked, and bears the decedent's signature at the
end thereof, so long as it was executed with an intent to
revoke. Words of revocation marked on a duplicate will
may be sufficient to revoke an original, which the testator
is unable to obtain. No specific words of revocation are
required, but phrases such as "null and void" have been
held to be sufficient. However, in order for the revocation
to be effective the signature of the testator must be
proved by two competent witnesses, although they need
not be subscribing witnesses.
See In re Estate of Sidlow, supra at 1145-46. Our Supreme Court
further explained that the effectiveness of a revocation clause in a
decedent's will is dependent upon the validity of the writing containing the
revocation. Estate of Shelly, 484 Pa. 322, 399 A.2d 98 (1979). Our
Supreme Court wrote:
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[W]here a testamentary disposition fails because of a
defect in the instrument itself its revocation clause is
inoperative.
[The authorities] all recognize a clear distinction
between failure of the dispositive part of the
revoking instrument because of a defect in the
instrument, and failure because of extrinsic
circumstances; and there is entire concurrence of
view that in the former case the revocation is
inoperative, while in the latter it must prevail.
[Emphasis added]
Melville's Estate, 245 Pa. 318, 323, 91 A. 679, 681
(1914); accord Braun's Estate, 358 Pa. 271, 275, 56
A.2d 201, 203 (1948) ([holding] where codicil invalid due
to defect intrinsic to instrument there was no revocation of
former will).
Id. at 330, 300 A.2d at 102. In In re Estate of Holt, 405 Pa. 244, 174
A.2d 874 (1961) our Supreme Court observed:
It is clear...that (1) the doctrine [of dependent relative
revocation] as applied by our Courts is primarily a rule of
testamentary construction which is used as an aid in
ascertaining the intent of the testator, and (2) the doctrine
has been applied only where there is (a) either a defective
execution of a subsequent will or codicil or (b) an intrinsic
defect in the subsequent will or codicil. However, where
the revoking instrument is in itself valid and operative but
the subsequent disposition fails for some extrinsic reason
such as the incapacity of the devisee to take, the
revocation nevertheless remains effective.
Id. at 251, 174 A.2d at 877 (footnotes omitted). In essence, once a will is
proved to be intrinsically invalid, it no longer has the effect of revoking prior
wills because the entire instrument is inoperative, including the revocation
provision. Id.
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¶31 In the instant case, Decedent's 1995 will contains an express
revocation of his prior wills. However, Appellant's challenges to the 1995
will (undue influence, forgery/fraud) raise intrinsic or inherent defects in the
instrument, see id., such that if the whole of Decedent's 1995 will fails due
to Appellant's asserted claims, then the revocation clause contained therein
is also inoperative. See Estate of Shelly, supra. As a result, Decedent's
1987 will is revived. See id. Appellant is not a beneficiary under
Decedent's 1987 will, which leaves Decedent's entire estate to Proponent.
¶32 Moreover, the 1987 will contains an express revocation provision,
which is likewise inoperative, if the 1987 will is declared wholly invalid by
virtue of Appellant's asserted defects. Such an outcome would then revive
Decedent's 1983 will, which also bequeaths Decedent's entire estate to
Proponent. Appellant effectively conceded during oral argument before the
Orphans' court that Decedent was not suffering undue influence when he
executed the 1983 will. (N.T. Hearing, 8/15/01, at 16). Appellant's only
contention with respect to the 1983 will was that it had been physically
destroyed. The court confronted Appellant with the fact that the 1983 will
was still extant, and pressed Appellant on the issue of standing in light of the
existence of the 1983 will and his prior concession that undue influence did
not taint the 1983 will. Appellant then made an effort to retract his
concession and later declared non-responsively that the law of New Jersey
applied. (Id. at 17, 36).
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¶33 When reviewing Decedent's testamentary pattern under the prior wills
of 1987 and 1983, the court was not passing on the validity of those wills.
The court was simply trying to ascertain the realistic possibility of Appellant's
success in challenging the prior wills, which would have to be invalidated
before Appellant could reach more of Decedent's estate through intestate
succession. We conclude that this exercise was entirely legitimate, where
done for the purpose of determining whether Appellant had a practical
possibility of an aggrieved interest in the estate by virtue of the probate of
Decedent's 1995 will. We are in agreement with the Orphans' court on this
point, that Appellant has no standing to contest probate of the whole of
Decedent's 1995 will, where there is still in existence Decedent's two prior
wills, because Appellant received more under the 1995 will than he would
have received under either the 1987 will or the 1983 will. The practical
possibility that Appellant could reach more of Decedent's estate through a
challenge to the whole of Decedent's 1995 will is virtually nil on the facts
averred, due to the existence of the prior wills. Accordingly, we hold that
Appellant has no standing to set aside the whole of Decedent's 1995 will,
because Appellant cannot show how his pecuniary interest in Decedent's
estate has been aggrieved by the probate of the 1995 will in its entirety.
See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 908; In re Estate of Seasongood, supra.
¶34 An intestacy is said to occur by operation of law. In re Ervin's
Estate, 367 Pa. 58, 79 A.2d 264 (1951). Although an heir-at-law's
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inheritance under a will is expressly limited or even excluded, as a result of
the decedent's failure to make an effectual disposition of a portion of his
estate, the heir may take if an intestacy results. Id. "Intestacy may result
not merely from the testator's failure to make a will at all, or from his failure
to dispose in his will of all of his estate, but also from his failure to make a
legal and effectual disposition of either his entire estate or a portion of it."
In re Ritter's Estate, 81 Pa. D.&C. 498, 501 (O.C. Div. Philadelphia
County, 1952).
¶35 Our Supreme Court has suggested there may be a case where the
alleged undue influence applies to a single independent provision in a will,
leaving the rest of the will to stand. See Appeal of Cuthbertson, 97 Pa.
163 (1881) (holding ultimately that specific beneficiaries had right to contest
whole of codicil, residue of which was made up or largely increased by
reductions to specific bequests in prior will). See, e.g., In re Clark's
Estate, 461 Pa. 52, 334 A.2d 628 (1975) (affirming decree that ordered
residuary clause to be set aside on basis of undue influence). Whether the
entire will or only portions of it are invalidated by the exercise of undue
influence depends upon the extent of the taint. In re Taylor's Estate, 423
Pa. 276, 223 A.2d 708 (1966).
¶36 In the instant case, Appellant has alternatively argued for partial
invalidation of the 1995 will, specifically the residuary clause, which will then
allow him to take his specific bequest plus an intestate share of the
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residuary of the estate. He referenced the fourth provision of the 1995 will
that allows any invalidated, impaired, or ineffective provision to be carved
out of the will and the will construed as though the invalid provision had not
been contained therein. If Appellant challenges only the residuary clause of
the 1995 will, then the express revocation contained in the 1995 will is
preserved, and the existence of Decedent's 1987 and 1983 dispositions will
not impede his challenge. The realistic possibility that part of the estate
may pass by intestacy, and Appellant's share in Decedent's estate will
increase thereby, is not so remote as to deprive Appellant of right to contest
the residuary clause of Decedent's 1995 will. Therefore, to the extent
Appellant contests probate of the residuary bequest contained in the 1995
will, we hold Appellant has the requisite standing to do so, as a party in
interest who will be aggrieved if the residuary clause contained in the 1995
will is probated as written.
¶37 In his second issue, Appellant argues that the caveat proceeding
before a hearing officer from the county Register of Wills does not constitute
a trial and the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure, therefore, do not
require him to file post trial motions following the caveat proceeding.
Appellant insists an appeal from a decree of the Register of Wills is de novo.
He further asserts that the decree of the Register of Wills did not grant
Proponent's motion for a nonsuit. Appellant concludes Rules 227.1 and
230.1 are inapplicable in the present case and the trial court erred in
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sustaining Proponent's preliminary objection for Appellant's failure to
conform to rules of court in that he proceeded on appeal to the Orphans'
court without first filing a motion to remove the compulsory nonsuit
allegedly entered by the Register of Wills. We agree.
¶38 The Pennsylvania's Rules of Civil Procedure state that the court, on
oral motion by the defendant, may enter nonsuit on any or all causes of
action if the plaintiff has failed to establish a right to relief at the close of
plaintiff's case. Pa.R.C.P. 230.1. Furthermore, Rule 227.1(c) governs the
manner in which a plaintiff may remove a compulsory nonsuit: "Post-trial
motions shall be filed within ten days after (1) verdict, discharge of the jury
because of inability to agree, or nonsuit in the case of a jury trial; or (2)
notice of nonsuit or the filing of the decision or adjudication in the case of a
trial without a jury or equity trial." See Pa.R.C.P. 227.1. Moreover, the
note to Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(c) states, "a motion for post trial relief may be filed
following a trial by jury, a trial by a judge without a jury in an action
pursuant to Rule 1038 or a trial by a judge without a jury in an action in
equity." Id. "Logically, post-trial motions may not be filed to orders
disposing of pre-trial motions or motions relating to proceedings not
constituting a trial." Bostick v. Schall's Brakes and Repairs, Inc., 725
A.2d 1232, 1236 (Pa.Super. 1999), appeal denied, 560 Pa. 694, 743 A.2d
912 (1999) (emphasis added).
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¶39 In the context of a will contest, our Supreme Court states, "[a]
register is a judge, and the admission of a will to probate is a judicial
decision, [which] can only be set aside on appeal, and is unimpeachable in
any other proceeding...." In re Sebik's Estate, 300 Pa. 45, 47, 150 A. 101,
102 (1930). However, the hearing on appeal to the Orphan's court from a
decision of the Register of Wills is de novo, unless the parties appearing in
the proceeding have agreed otherwise. 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 776; In re Estate of
Szmahl, 335 Pa. 89, 91, 6 A.2d 267, 269 (1939), overruled in part by, In
re Loudenslager's Estate, 430 Pa. 33, 240 A.2d 477 (1968). De novo
review in a will contest guarantees full consideration of the case anew by the
Orphans' court. Id. As the Supreme Court explained:
A hearing de novo...means that the orphans' court shall not
arrive at a decision on the basis of the testimony offered
before the register, but shall hear afresh all evidence that
either party shall desire to present, the burden of proof
resting throughout upon the proponent to establish the
due execution of the will. The purpose of allowing the
probate of the will to be placed in evidence is merely to
establish a prima facie status, and affects only the order of
proof. Such a practice is justified by the fact that a
register is a judge, and the admission of a will to probate
is a judicial decision. The acceptance in evidence of the
probate merely shifts to contestants temporarily the duty
to come forward with evidence, but the proceeding
remains at all times...de novo.
Id. at 92-93, 6 A.2d at 269 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
See also In re Ash's Estate, supra.
¶40 Additionally, the Pennsylvania Orphans' Court Rules, Rule 10.2
provides:
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Rule 10.2.
Appeals from the Register of Wills
Appeals from judicial acts or proceedings of the Register of
Wills and the practice and procedure with respect thereto
shall be as prescribed by local rules.
Pa.O.C. Rule 10.2 (emphasis added). Philadelphia Local Rule 10.2.C.
provides:
Philadelphia Local Rule 10.2.C. Appeal from Register
(1) Commencement of Appeal
(a) Appeals from the judicial acts or proceedings of the
register shall be initiated by filing a notice of appeal with
the Clerk on the form supplied by the Clerk....
(b) After the notice of appeal has been filed with the
Clerk, the Register upon request shall forthwith transmit
the record to the Clerk.
(2) Petition for Citation.
Contemporaneously with the filing of the notice of appeal,
the appellant shall file a petition for citation with the Clerk
which shall set forth:
(a)
the nature of the proceedings before the Register;
(b)
the basis for the appeal together with copies of all
wills involved in the controversy known to be in existence;
(c)
the names and addresses of all parties in interest,
including those who have not yet been made parties to the
record; and
(d)
the facts upon which jurisdiction is based.
Philadelphia Local Rule 10.2.C(1)(a)-(d).
¶41 In the instant case, the state Orphans' Court Rules defer to the local
rules and the applicable local rules do not require "post-trial" motions in the
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nature of those required under Pa.R.C.P. 227.1. Moreover, our research has
not revealed any indication that a hearing before the Register of Wills
constitutes a "trial" for purposes of whether a post-trial motion must be filed
to remove a compulsory nonsuit before an appeal can be had before the
Orphans' court. Instead, Section 776 of the Decedent's, Estates, and
Fiduciaries Code provides that the proceeding on appeal from the decree of
the Register of Wills is conducted de novo. The local rules governing appeals
from the Register of Wills are consistent with the statute, as the local rules
facilitate immediate appeal, without any mention of post-trial motions.
¶42 Further, the certified record in the present case is vague as to the
procedural vehicle by which the Register dismissed Appellant's caveat. The
Register's decree itself sheds no light on the matter. Additionally, we see in
the record that Proponent subsequently asked the Register of Wills to
explain the basis for his Decree, a question that went unanswered for the
record. Thus, absent any agreement of the parties to the contrary,
Appellant's de novo appeal to the Orphans' court effectively eliminated from
consideration the record of the caveat proceedings before the Register of
Wills, save for the fact of probate itself. See Estate of Szmahl, supra.
Accordingly, we decline to impose upon Appellant the requirement of
Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(c) for a motion to remove a compulsory nonsuit as a
prerequisite for his appeal from the probate decree. See Estate of Glover,
669 A.2d 1011 (Pa.Super. 1996), appeal denied, 547 Pa. 728, 689 A.2d 233
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(1997) (recognizing implicitly, right to proceed on appeal from caveat, which
had been dismissed on grant of nonsuit, without filing motion to remove
nonsuit).
¶43 Appellant next contends his petition sur appeal set forth a prima facie
case that 1) Proponent killed Decedent and is thereby precluded from
benefiting under the will pursuant to the Slayers' Act; 2) the will was the
product of undue influence;, and, 3) the will was a forgery. Appellant insists
his petition was prematurely dismissed on Proponent's preliminary
objections in the nature of a demurrer. Appellant also argues the court
erred in requiring Appellant to support the averments in his petition with
affidavit or testimony, which are not required under the statute or rules of
court. Appellant concludes the court wrongfully deprived him of a citation
and his right to a trial on his claims. We disagree.
¶44 A demurrer is a preliminary objection that the pleading fails "to set
forth a cause of action upon which relief can be granted under any theory of
law." McNeil v. Jordan, 814 A.2d 234, 238 (Pa.Super. 2002) (quoting
Sutton v. Miller, 592 A.2d 83, 87 (Pa.Super. 1991)). For the purpose of
testing the legal sufficiency of the pleading, the demurrer admits all properly
pleaded material facts, but not conclusions of law. McNeil, supra. The
court must be able to say with certainty that upon the facts averred, the law
will not permit recovery; surmise and conjecture can play no part in the
decision. Schuykill Navy v. Langboard, 728 A.2d 964, 968 (Pa.Super.
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1999). Any doubt should be resolved in favor of overruling a demurrer.
McNeil, supra. When reviewing a grant of demurrer, we are not bound by
the inferences drawn by the court or its conclusions of law. Id. "[O]ur
scope of review is plenary, allowing us to review the whole record."
Mistick, Inc. v. Northwestern Nat. Cas. Co., 806 A.2d 39, 42 (Pa.Super.
2001).
¶45 Section 761 of the Decedent's, Estates, and Fiduciaries Code defines
the requirements of a petition sur appeal:
§ 761. Petitions
All applications to the orphans' court division shall be by
petition in the form prescribed by general rules and shall
be attested either by an affidavit or by a verified
statement. In the case of the latter alternative, the
statement shall set forth that it is subject to the penalties
of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4904 (relating to unsworn falsification to
authorities).
Comment: Since a verified statement subject to the
Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4904, (relating to unsworn
falsification to authorities) provides sufficient sanction,
attaching an affidavit to petitions is no longer necessary.
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 761. Under the Philadelphia County Orphans' Court Rules,
If the petition sets forth a prima facie case, a citation will
be issued, directed to all parties in interest, including those
not represented on the record, to show cause why the
appeal should not be sustained and the judicial act or
proceeding complained of be set aside.
Philadelphia Local Rule 10.2.C(3). Thus, the contestant must establish a
legally sufficient cause of action to obtain a citation from the Orphans' court.
Id.
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¶46 Any person "who participates, either as a principal or as an accessory
before the fact, in the willful and unlawful killing of another person" is
statutorily barred from acquiring or receiving any property or benefit arising
from the death of that person. 20 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 8801, 8802. Any property
which would have passed to or for the benefit of the slayer by devise or
legacy from the decedent shall be distributed as if the slayer predeceased
the decedent. 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 8803. For example, a conviction of voluntary
manslaughter is a conclusive bar to the slayer's right to distribution of any of
the decedent's estate. In re Kravitz's Estate, 418 Pa. 319, 211 A.2d 443
(1965) (holding record of wife's conviction and judgment of sentence for
husband's murder was conclusive bar to her right to take under or against
husband's will, and wife's guilt or innocence of the crime cannot be
relitigated in Orphans' court); In re Estate of Bartolovich, 616 A.2d 1043
(Pa.Super. 1992), appeal denied, 534 Pa. 634, 626 A.2d 1154 (1993)
(holding husband's criminal conviction for voluntary manslaughter of wife
conclusively barred under Slayer's Act husband's right to share in wife's
estate and evidentiary hearing in estate proceeding not required). See
also In re Glenn's Estate, 450 Pa. 461, 299 A.2d 203 (1973) (holding
son's petition for advancement of funds from estate to defend against
criminal indictment properly denied where son arrested and charged with
father's murder); 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 8811 (denying slayer right to insurance
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proceeds payable to slayer as beneficiary of insurance policy on life of
decedent).
¶47 However, a conviction of involuntary manslaughter does not
conclusively bar a taking under the Slayer's Act. In re Klein's Estate, 474
Pa. 416, 378 A.2d 1182 (1977) (holding involuntary manslaughter is not
willful killing within meaning of Slayer's Act and person so convicted is not
conclusively barred from distribution of victim's estate). Even a felonious
killing will not act to bar the slayer of property to which she is otherwise
entitled and over which the felonious killing had no effect. In re Trust
Estate of Jamieson, 636 A.2d 1190 (Pa.Super. 1994) (holding ultimately
that daughter's guilty plea to third degree murder in death of mother/settlor
implicated Slayer's Act and daughter forfeited her share of inter vivos trust;
although mother/settlor did not retain any right to alter disposition of trust
property during her lifetime, daughter's share was conditioned on daughter
surviving mother; daughter's share distributed to her living children, as if
daughter had predeceased mother); 20 Pa.C.S.A § 8808.
¶48 Probate is concerned with the determination that the decedent died
having left a will and the document(s) offer for probate are the decedent's
will. J.Brooke Aker & Thomas A. Boulden, Law of Wills in Pennsylvania §
10.1 (2d ed. 2000). Capacity (including age), fraud, forgery, and undue
influence all go to the manner and form of execution of a will and are
properly considered in proceedings to probate a will. 57 Am. Jur., Wills, §
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782 (1948). On the other hand, whether a clause in the will is void because
of the status of the legatee or because the legatee murdered the testator are
matters properly raised in "suits for construction of a will or to enforce
distribution of the estate thereunder, but not in a proceeding to probate the
will." Id.7 The Slayer's Act also identifies contests regarding the
continuation or forfeiture of rights or benefits by devise or legacy from the
decedent to a slayer as generally matters for the distribution stage of the
estate. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 8803.
¶49 In the instant case, Appellant has raised the Slayer's Act in his petition
sur appeal from probate of Decedent's 1995 will. We agree with the trial
court that the preferred disposition of Appellant's Slayer's Act challenge is to
dismiss the exception without prejudice to Appellant's right to raise the
Slayer's Act as a bar to distribution in the event of appropriate proof.
Thus, we will not further discuss it.
¶50 Moreover, Appellant has not made any argument on appeal or raised
any matter with respect to the court's dismissal of Appellant's petition to
remove Proponent as executrix of the estate on the basis of the Slayer's Act.
Accordingly, we consider as abandoned on appeal any challenge to the
court's decision to deny Proponent's removal as executrix of Decedent's
estate.

7 See generally 79 Am. Jur. 2d, Weapons and Firearms to Wills, §§ 756-
758 (2002).
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¶51 We now turn our attention to whether Appellant's petition makes a
legally sufficient prima facie case for undue influence. A presumption of
validity arises once a will is probated, and the burden shifts to the
contestant to prove undue influence. In re Clark's Estate, supra; Estate
of Angle, 777 A.2d 114 (Pa.Super. 2001); Burns, supra; In re Estate of
Jakiella, 510 A.2d 815 (Pa.Super. 1986).
To meet this burden, the contestant must establish by
clear and convincing evidence that: (1) the testator was of
weakened intellect a the time the will was executed; (2)
the proponent of the will stood in a confidential
relationship with the testator; and (3) the proponent
received substantial benefit under the will.
* * *
The "weakened intellect" which must be shown in order to
establish a prima facie case of undue influence upon the
testator need not amount to testamentary incapacity.
Although testamentary capacity is to be determined by the
condition of the testator at the very time he executes a
will, evidence of incapacity for a reasonable time before or
after the making of a will is admissible as an indication of
lack of capacity on the day the will is executed. While a
testator may dispose of his property as he sees fit, the law
is rigid in its insistence that one of weak mind, whether
from inherent cause or by reason of illness, shall not be
imposed upon by the art and craft of designing persons.
* * *
For purposes of voiding a will on the ground of undue
influence, a confidential relationship exists whenever
circumstances make it certain that the parties did not deal
on equal terms but that on the one side there was an
overmastering influence, and on the other, dependence or
trust, justifiably reposed.
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Burns, supra at 1162-63 (internal citations omitted). Additionally, this
Court has explained:
The term "influence" does not encompass every line of
conduct capable of convincing a self-directing person to
dispose of property in one's favor. The law requires that
the influence be control "acquired over another that
virtually destroys [that person's] free agency. Conduct
constituting influence must consist of imprisonment of the
body or mind, or fraud, or threats, or misrepresentations,
or circumvention, or inordinate flattery, or physical or
moral coercion, to such a degree as to prejudice the mind
of the testator, to destroy his free agency and to operate
as a present restraint upon him in the making of a will. A
parent-child relationship does not establish the existence
of a confidential relationship nor does the fact that the
proponent has a power of attorney where the decedent
wanted the proponent to act as attorney-in-fact.
In re Clark's Estate, supra at 123 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis
added). An allegation of alcohol or drug use does not raise a presumption of
weakened intellect. In re Kerr's Estate, 255 Pa. 399, 100 A. 127 (1917);
In re Masseth's Estate, 213 Pa. 136, 62 A. 640 (1905).
¶52 Because undue influence has been described as subtle, intangible, yet
recognizable by human experience, it may be shown by circumstantial
evidence. In re Ziel's Estate, 467 Pa. 531, 359 A.2d 728 (1976).
Nevertheless, opportunity, suspicion and conjecture do not create or amount
to proof of either a confidential relationship or undue influence and cannot
carry the cause. In re Thompson's Estate, 387 Pa. 82, 126 A.2d 740
(1956); In re Quein's Estate, 361 Pa. 133, 62 A.2d 909 (1949).
Cohabitation is not of itself sufficient evidence of undue influence. See
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Rudy v. Ulrich, 69 Pa. 177 (1871). Proof only of opportunity to exercise
undue influence is not sufficient. In re Cookson's Estate, 325 Pa. 81, 188
A. 904 (1937). Efforts at persuasion or solicitation do not amount to undue
influence. Id.
¶53 In the instant case, Appellant's petition sur appeal sets forth the
following averments possibly related to undue influence:
BACKGROUND
10. Decedent had a long clandestine relationship with
[Proponent]; Decedent's children and grandsons never
knew [Proponent] until his final hospitalization in 1999.
11. Decedent had a close and loving relationship with his
children and grandsons, spending a great deal of time with
them on a regular basis and celebrating virtually every
holiday with them.
12. [Proponent] was not related to Decedent by blood or
marriage.
13. Decedent had a long history of drug and alcohol
abuse, as well as a long history of chronic lung disease; as
a result Decedent suffered from a weakened mental
intellect.
14. [Proponent] attempted to control Decedent's personal
and financial affairs, and to exclude his family members
from influencing his personal and financial decisions;
[Proponent]'s attempt to control decedent's affairs is best
illustrated by her attempt to inappropriately control
decedent's medical care during his final hospitalization.
20. After Decedent was intubated and unable to speak,
[Proponent] produced a Power of Attorney attached to an
Advance Directive purportedly giving [Proponent] decision
making power over decedent's medical care.
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23. After Decedent died on October 15, 1999, [Proponent]
produced a Will prepared by the law firm of [] of Cherry
Hill, New Jersey [] leaving the bulk of the estate to
[Proponent].
25. [Proponent] was the person who introduced Decedent
to the lawyers at [], as [Proponent] admitted under oath.
29. [The law firm's] notes show that Decedent had
requested that a trust be created for [Proponent] with the
remainder going to his children; [the lawyer] admitted
under oath that he advised Decedent not to create a trust
and to give [Proponent] the bulk of the estate.
32. [The law firm] also prepared an Advance Directive
with a Power of Attorney, which was allegedly executed by
Decedent on March 13, 1995, four (4) days before the
alleged execution of the 1995 will; [the lawyer] could not
adequately explain why decedent signed the Advance
Directive on March 13, 1995 and then returned to [the law
firm]'s offices only four (4) days later to execute the 1995
Will, instead of executing both documents on the same
day.
33. [Proponent] also claims to have a Holographic Will
prepared by Decedent in 1983 (the "Holographic Will"),
which Appellant believes and avers was revoked by
physical destruction because decedent terminated his
relationship with [Proponent] after the date of the
Holographic Will and moved in with another woman, [].
[Proponent] has refused to produce the original
Holographic Will despite numerous requests by
[Appellant]. A copy of the Holographic Will is attached
hereto as Exhibit "C".
UNDUE INFLUENCE
39. [Proponent] was in a confidential relationship with
Decedent.
40. Decedent suffered from a weakened mental intellect.
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41. Decedent was domiciled in New Jersey, where he
resided continuously for more than ten (10) years prior to
his death.
42. Decedent had no residence in Pennsylvania.
43. The 1995 Will and the 1987 Will were written in New
Jersey, by a New Jersey attorney; both Decedent and
[Proponent] were residents and domiciliaries of New
Jersey.
44. Accordingly, the law of New Jersey should apply.
45. Under New Jersey law, there is a presumption of
undue influence where there is (1) a confidential
relationship between beneficiary and testator, and (2)
there are suspicious circumstances. Haynes v. First
National Bank of New Jersey, 87 N.J. 163, 432 A.2d
980 (1981). Furthermore, where the testator's attorney is
also counsel to the Proponent of a Will, there is a conflict
of interest which creates a presumption of undue influence
shifting the burden of proof to the Proponent to show the
absence of undue influence. Id.
46. The Scrivener of the 1995 and 1987 Wills represented
both decedent and [Proponent].
47. [Proponent] receives the bulk of the estate under the
1995 Will and the 1987 Will.
48. Accordingly, under the law of New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, the execution of the 1995 Will and the 1987
Will were obtained by undue influence exerted over the
decedent by [Proponent].
(Appellant's Petition for Citation at 2-6; R.R. 28a-32a). In passing on
Appellant's petition for purposes of review of the court's ruling on
preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer, it is only the well-
pleaded factual averments that we accept as true. See McNeil, supra.
Bold statements such as, but not limited to, "Proponent was in a confidential
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relationship with Decedent" or "Decedent suffered from a weakened mental
intellect" or the paragraphs pertaining to the application of New Jersey law
are, of course, wholly conclusions of law.
¶54 Nevertheless, taking only the well-pleaded factual averments as true,
many of the paragraphs contained in Appellant's petition are, in whole or in
part, only suspicion and conjecture, and do not create or amount to proof of
a confidential relationship or a weakened intellect. See In re Thompson's
Estate, supra. The alleged clandestine affair between Decedent and
Proponent is not of itself sufficient evidence of undue influence. See Rudy,
supra. In that regard, Appellant's averments of influence raise inconsistent
inferences that actually dim Appellant's claim. For example, Appellant
claims Proponent "attempted" to control Decedent's finances and personal
affairs, but does not tell us when or by what means Proponent allegedly did
so. Appellant also asserts Decedent enjoyed a close and loving relationship
with his former family and spent considerable time with them and, by
necessary implication, away from Proponent (where the relationship was a
"clandestine" one until shortly before decedent's death). Appellant tells us
that at some point Decedent even took up with someone else and actually
terminated his relationship with Proponent, who was evidently not so
successful in her alleged attempts to control Decedent's personal affairs.
These averments actually defy logical inference in support of Appellant's
contention of undue influence.
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¶55 Further, Appellant's bare statements regarding Decedent's alleged
drug/alcohol abuse and chronic lung disease do not of themselves provide
sufficient proof of a weakened mental intellect at the time he executed any
of his wills. See In re Kerr's Estate, supra. As Justice Musmanno wrote
in King's Estate, 369 Pa. 523, 87 A.2d 469 (1952):
[O]ne may be physically weak but have a perfectly sound
and strong mind.
So long as the mind, like the captain of a stricken ship, is
free to dictate direction and course, its decision will not be
questioned in law even though the body be crippled with
pain and the spirit awry with torment.
Id. at 530, 87 A.2d at 473. See also In re Lauer's Estate, 351 Pa. 438,
41 A.2d 552 (1945) (holding absent more, mere fact that decedent was sick
or ill does not establish weakened intellect); In re Allison's Estate, 210 Pa.
22, 59 A.2d 318 (1904) (holding that evidence of age, sickness, distress,
debility of body, physical infirmity are insufficient to show undue influence;
i.e., influence that testator was not free agent but mere implement of
another's craft and superior will). Appellant's averments are particularly
vague in this regard and provide no practical evidence that Decedent's mind
was easily controlled as to business matters, readily distracted, or feeble for
a reasonable time before, at, or after the making of his will. See Burns,
supra.
¶56 Appellant provides no evidence that Proponent wrote or dictated the
1995 will or Power of Attorney, that her advice was sought or taken, that
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she was even present when the 1995 will was either drafted or executed,
that she solicited the bequest in her favor, or that she exercised the Power
of Attorney at any time from 1995 when it was executed until the one time
in 1999. See In re Thompson's Estate, supra. We simply do not see
sufficient evidence in Appellant's petition that the parties dealt on unequal
terms or that Decedent suffered from a weakened intellect.
¶57 As for the averment that Proponent inherits "the bulk of the estate"
under the most recent will, we note the full value of the estate is not shown.
We further note that Proponent received less of Decedent's estate under the
1995 will than she received under Decedent's prior wills. We conclude
Appellant's petition sets forth little or no evidence of Proponent's exercise of
imprisonment of Decedent's body or mind, or fraud, or threats, or
misrepresentations, or circumvention, or inordinate flattery, or physical or
moral coercion, to such a degree as to prejudice Decedent's mind, to destroy
his free agency or to operate as a present restraint upon him in the making
of his will. See In re Estate of Clark, supra. In light of the relevant legal
principles applicable to Appellant's claim, we hold Appellant's petition does
not raise a prima facie case for undue influence. See In re Thompson's
Estate, supra.
¶58 Next, we must examine Appellant's petition to determine whether he
has averred prima facie evidence of forgery. A contestant asserting "fraud
or forgery [of a will] has the burden of proving the facts upon which the
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alleged fraud or forgery is based and these facts must be proved by
evidence which is clear, direct, precise and convincing" to state a cause of
action. In re Elias' Estate, supra. See also In re Estate of Presutti,
supra at 806 (explaining when issue of forgery arises, contestant must
prove forgery by clear and convincing evidence). Furthermore, "mere
suspicion and conjecture cannot take the place of evidence." In re Estate
of Angier, 552 A.2d 1121, 1122 (Pa.Super. 1989).
¶59 Ordinarily, forgery is the unauthorized signing of a testator's will by
another, but forgery may also arise from a fabrication of a dispositive
scheme over the testator's genuine signature. In re Rosenthal's Estate,
339 Pa. 488, 15 A.2d 370 (1940); In re Kane's Estate, 312 Pa. 531, 168
A. 681 (1933). Determining the authenticity of a decedent's handwriting
usually presents an issue of fact. In re Estate of Presutti, supra. Before
a hearing is granted on the issue of forgery, however, the contestant "must
first satisfy the court that the ends of justice call for a verdict against the will
or [that the court] is so uncertain on this point that [it] could conscionably
sustain a finding either way." In re Rosenthal's Estate, supra. To this
end, the contestant must disclose all of the facts and circumstances
supporting the allegation; a bare allegation of forgery will not suffice. In re
Shaffer's Estate, 332 Pa. 225, 2 A.2d 764 (1938).
¶60 In the present case, Appellant's petition sur appeal sets forth the
following averments related to forgery:
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49. Page One of the 1995 Will contains all six specific
bequests and the residuary clause leaving the remainder of
Decedent's estate to Proponent.
50. The fourth bequest states "To my granddaughter,
Christine Arena..."; Decedent only had two grandsons, and
had no granddaughter.
51. Said discrepancy was not merely a typographical
error; page one of the 1995 Will was switched after
execution, and accordingly, [Proponent] should be
precluded from acquiring or receiving any benefit from
decedent's Estate.
(Appellant's Petition for Citation at 6-7; R.R. 32a-33a). Appellant presented
no other evidence of forgery, such as internal inconsistencies in the will, or
variations in the typed form. At oral argument before the Orphans' court,
Appellant simple argued that his father would never have signed the 1995
will as it was worded, (alluding to ¶50 in the petition); and, therefore,
Proponent must have switched the page. (N.T., 8/15/01, at 17-19). In view
of this lack of evidence, we agree with the Orphans' court that Appellant
failed to raise a prima facie case for forgery.8
¶61 Moreover, we note that if the allegation that the entire first page had
been switched must be taken as true, then the whole will would fail, because
all of the bequests and the express revocation clause appear on the allegedly
switched first page. Thus, the failure of the first page of Decedent's 1995

8 What Appellant has charged as definitive proof of forgery is actually a
"misnomer," a mistake in the form of an erroneous name; i.e., an error in
reference to the name of a legatee. Such a misnomer is correctable at the
time of audit or distribution. A misnomer does not necessarily prove
forgery.
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will would mean revival of Decedent's 1987 will. As we have already
determined, Appellant has no standing to raise claims going to the validity of
the entire will. Accordingly, the court correctly dismissed Appellant's petition
with regard to his forgery claim.
¶62 In Appellant's final issue, he argues in the alternative that the court
should have allowed him the opportunity to amend his petition to correct its
defects. Appellant contends that his petition is curable, and insists the court
had a duty to grant him leave to amend the petition. Appellant concludes
the court wrongfully denied him his right to amend and, thereby deprived
him of his right to a trial on the merits of his claims. For the following
reasons, we disagree.
¶63 "[A] cause of action does not consist of facts...but of the unlawful
violation of a right, which the facts show.... The facts are merely means, and
not the end. They do not constitute the cause of action, but they show its
existence by making the wrong appear." Framlau Corporation v.
Delaware County, 299 A.2d 335, 337 (Pa.Super. 1972) (quoting
Baltimore S.S. Co. v. Phillips, 274 U.S. 316, 321, 47 S.Ct. 600, 602, 71
L.Ed. 1069, ____ (1927)). When a preliminary objection is raised in the
nature of a demurrer, we are limited to determining whether, on the basis of
the allegations pled, any cause of action may be recognized at law.
Sunbeam Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 566 Pa. 494, 781 A.2d 1189
(2001); In re Adoption of S.P.T., 783 A.2d 779, 782 (Pa.Super. 2001).
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¶64 Rule 1033 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure provides:
RULE 1033. AMENDMENT
A party either by filed consent of the adverse party or by
leave of court, may at any time change the form of action,
correct the name of a party or amend his pleading. The
amended pleading may aver transactions or occurrences
which have happened before or after the filing of the
original pleading, even though they give rise to a new
cause of action or defense. An amendment may be made
to conform to the evidence offered or admitted.
Pa.R.C.P. 1033. With respect to the right to amend a pleading, our Court
has stated:
Even where a trial court sustains preliminary objections on
their merits, it is generally an abuse of discretion to
dismiss a complaint without leave to amend. There may,
of course, be cases where it is clear that amendment is
impossible and where to extend leave to amend would be
futile.... [However], [t]he right to amend should not be
withheld where there is some reasonable possibility
that amendment can be accomplished successfully. In the
event a demurrer is sustained because a complaint is
defective in stating a cause of action, if it is evident that
the pleading can be cured by amendment, a court may not
enter a final judgment, but must give the pleader an
opportunity to file an amended [pleading]....
Harley Davidson Motor Co., Inc., v. Hartman, 442 A.2d 284, 286
(Pa.Super. 1982) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis
added). Nevertheless, a defective pleading that cannot be cured by
amendment is appropriately dismissed upon a demurrer. Framlau, supra.
¶65 In the instant case, a careful study of Appellant's petition shows the
defects in his petition with respect to his standing or his claim of forgery
cannot be cured by amendment. Further, his claims of weakened intellect
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and confidential relationship are manifestly deficient. We note that
Appellant was allowed to depose Proponent and present a number of
witnesses at the caveat hearing before the Register of Wills. Thus, Appellant
has had ample opportunity to develop and refine his claims before and after
the Register of Wills' dismissal of the caveat.
¶66 Appellant also had an opportunity to amend his petition as of right,
after the preliminary objections were filed. See Pa.R.C.P. 1028(c)(1)
(providing party may file amended pleading as of course within twenty days
after service of preliminary objections; if amended pleading filed, preliminary
objections shall be deemed moot). Appellant failed to seize that
opportunity, even when he knew the nature of Proponent's objections.
¶67 Additionally, we reject Appellant's assertion at the August 15th hearing
on the preliminary objections, that he was simply unfamiliar with the
pleading rules in Orphan's court. Appellant is a practicing attorney of
considerable experience, who knew or should have known the kind and
quality of facts necessary to plead a prima facie case of undue influence or
forgery, and that the requirements attendant to pleading prima facie claims
do not vary within the individual civil courts of common pleas. Thus,
Appellant cannot claim ignorance or inexperience as an excuse.
¶68 Moreover, when the court asked Appellant for a proffer of additional
evidence, Appellant offered no other substantive facts to support his claims.
We conclude, therefore, Appellant has failed to show some reasonable
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possibility that amendment would cure the defects in his petition. Thus,
allowing Appellant leave to amend his petition would have been futile. Also,
leave to amend under these circumstances would only serve to delay the
matter unjustifiably and unnecessarily protract matters pertaining to
Decedent's estate to the prejudice of the estate and all of its beneficiaries.
Although the court stated it might have been inclined to allow Appellant to
file an amended petition had the demurrer been the only objection, we see
no abuse of discretion in the court's ultimate decision to dismiss the petition.
See Framlau, supra.
¶69 Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that Appellant has standing to
contest Decedent's 1995 will, but only in part, and his petition does not
violate the rules of court as alleged. Nevertheless, we hold that Appellant's
petition is legally insufficient and was, therefore, properly dismissed.
¶70 Order affirmed.
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